•Chitosan has amino, plus primary and secondary OH functional groups.•Antimicrobial effect of chitosan has been investigated in many studies.•Several mechanisms have been proposed for the ...antimicrobial activity by chitosan.•In the application of chitosan, attention should be paid to factors that affect its activity.
Chitosan as one of the natural biopolymers with antimicrobial activities could be a good choice to be applied in many areas including pharmaceuticals, foods, cosmetics, chemicals, agricultural crops, etc. There have been many studies in the literature which show this superb polymer is dependent on many factors to display its antimicrobial properties including the environmental conditions such as pH, type of microorganism, and neighbouring components; and its structural conditions such as molecular weight, degree of deacetylation, derivative form, its concentration, and original source. In this review, after a brief explanation of antimicrobial activity of chitosan and its importance, we will discuss the factors affecting the antimicrobial properties of this biopolymer based on recent studies.
New food packaging materials provide an attractive option for the advancement of nanomaterials. The poor thermal, mechanical, chemical, and physical properties of biopolymers and their inherent ...permeability to gases and vapor have increased this interest. Polymeric materials (matrix) in modern technologies require a filler, which can react/interact with the available matrix to provide a new formulation with improved packaging properties including oxygen permeability, moisture permeability, crystalline structure, barrier properties, morphology, thermal stability, optical properties, anti-microbial characteristics, and mechanical properties. The performance of nanocomposite films and packaging is dependent on the size of the nanofillers used and the uniformity of the nanoparticles (NPs) distribution and dispersion in the matrix. Advancement in nanocomposite technologies is expected to grow with the advent of sustainable, low price, environmentally friendly materials with an enhanced performance. The current review addresses advances in the biopolymeric nanocomposites as alternatives to petroleum plastics in the food packaging industry. It also provides a brief description of biopolymer nanocomposite films and gives general information about different metal NPs with an emphasis on their influence on the emerging characteristics of biodegradable films. The results of recent reports provide a better understanding of the influence of metal NPs in food packaging.
Vitamins are bioactive molecules necessary for human health, which are sensible to degradation. During consumption, the bioavailability of these compounds might be limited due to structure break-down ...and low absorption. Today, nanoencapsulation can be a promising approach for targeted delivery of vitamins and protecting these bioactive components against destructive environment during processing and delivery. Regarding the benefits of utilizing nanotechnology in the food sector, safety aspects of these tiny carriers should also be clarified as this technology develops. Due to the possible negative effects of nanomaterials, several agencies have legislated regulatory policies to prevent potential harms to the consumers, which are underlined in this article.
Nanoencapsulation-based technologies are a unique and novel field of investigation in the food and pharmaceutical industry with benefits, such as higher bioavailability, high shelf-stability and controlled release of active compounds. This review highlights recent works on these techniques and advances made in nanoencapsulation of lipophilic and hydrophilic vitamins, safety issues and health risks regarding the consumption of these products, which opens new horizons in food technology and nutrition with possibilities of commercialization in the near future.
Recently, considerable progresses are being carried out in the field of food nanoencapsulation involving novel nanovehicles to encapsulate vitamins. Nanofibers and nanohydrogels are some examples of efficient and modern nanocarriers. Overall, the vitamins encapsulated within nanovehicles are considered safe since they are mostly produced from food components, meanwhile more studies should be performed regarding the safety issues of nanodelivery of vitamins. In near future, it is assumed that nanoencapsulated vitamins will be broadly applied the in the food and beverage products.
Display omitted
•Importance of vitamin nanoencapsulation is compared to microencapsulation.•Microencapsulation techniques applied in vitamins are discussed.•Nanoencapsulation methods and nanocarriers applied in vitamins are reviewed.•Factors influencing the release rate of vitamins are highlighted.•Safety and risk evaluation issues are analyzed.
Carotenoids, as promising functional components in human diet, are gaining immense importance todays. Apart from their pivotal importance in photosynthetic organisms or as natural pigments, they are ...typically referred to as health-promotional ingredients, which offer several beneficial attributes. However, their sensitivity against environmental and process stresses, low-water solubility, as well as low-bioavailability are the most shortfalls restricting pharmaceutical/food carotenoid applications. In this regard, lipid-based nano-delivery cargos i.e. nano-liposomal vehicles, surfactant-based nano-carriers, nano-emulsions, nano-structured lipid carriers (NLCs), and solid lipid nano-particles (SLNs), as safe and attractive nanocarriers, are proving to be a potent platform for protection of carotenoids against challenging conditions along with offering an efficient controlled release. Nonetheless, the development of such delivery systems needs comprehensive understanding of physicochemical attributes of carotenoids and their specialized carriers, effective variables, delivery mechanisms, specific shortfalls of each delivery system, as well as recent nano-encapsulation advancements. To address these issues, the present review is attempting to cover the novel advances in nanoencapsulation of carotenoids principally based on lipid-based nanocarriers with an emphasis on the factors affecting the bioaccessibility of carotenoids in such nanocarriers, together with their challenges and upcoming evolutions.
Display omitted
The encapsulation process has been utilized in the field of food technology to enhance the technofunctional properties of food products and the delivery of nutraceutical ingredients via food into the ...human body. The latter application is very similar to drug delivery systems. The inherent sophisticated nature of release mechanisms requires the utilization of mathematical equations and statistics to predict the release behavior during the time. The science of mathematical modeling of controlled release has gained a tremendous advancement in drug delivery in recent years. Many of these modeling methods could be transferred to food. In order to develop and design enhanced food controlled/targeted bioactive release systems, understanding of the underlying physiological and chemical processes, mechanisms, and principles of release and applying the knowledge gained in the pharmaceutical field to food products is a big challenge. Ideally, by using an appropriate mathematical model, the formulation parameters could be predicted to achieve a specific release behavior. So, designing new products could be optimized. Many papers are dealing with encapsulation approaches and evaluation of the impact of process and the utilized system on release characteristics of encapsulated food bioactives, but still, there is no deep insight into the mathematical release modeling of encapsulated food materials. In this study, information gained from the pharmaceutical field is collected and discussed to investigate the probable application in the food industry.
Today, there is an ever-growing interest on natural food ingredients both by consumers and producers in the food industry. In fact, people are looking for those products in the market which are free ...from artificial and synthetic additives and can promote their health. These food bioactive ingredients should be formulated in such a way that protects them against harsh process and environmental conditions and safely could be delivered to the target organs and cells. Nanoencapsulation is a perfect strategy for this situation and there have been many studies in recent years for nanoencapsulation of food components and nutraceuticals by different technologies. In this review paper, our main goal is firstly to have an overview of nanoencapsulation techniques applicable to food ingredients in a systematic classification, i.e., lipid-based nanocarriers, nature-inspired nanocarriers, special-equipment-based nanocarriers, biopolymer nanocarriers, and other miscellaneous nanocarriers. Then, application of these cutting-edge nanocarriers for different nutraceuticals including phenolic compounds and antioxidants, natural food colorants, antimicrobial agents and essential oils, vitamins, minerals, flavors, fish oils and essential fatty acids will be discussed along with presenting some examples in each field.
Antioxidants are components which prevent auto-oxidation of oils and fats by giving their hydrogen to free radicals formed in the initiation and propagation stages of autoxidation. During the past ...two decades, a lot of researches using natural plants extract in edible oils have been carried out due to the trend to minimize or avoid the use of synthetic food additives. According to the most studies, there are various natural antioxidants which can be extracted from low cost resources, such as most parts of olive plant, green tea, sesame, medicinal plants, etc. One of the most important requirements for a suitable antioxidant in oils and fats is the thermal stability during heat processing. It has been shown that most of natural additives have more antioxidants activity and thermal stability than synthetic ones in different edible oils. In this review, recent advances in the application of natural antioxidants in the food industry will be covered.
Display omitted
Fast release and low bioavailability are main limitations of pure phenolics.Nanoencapsulation of phenolics could be a promising approach for their delivery.Biopolymer nanoparticles ...and natural carriers are recent phenolic delivery systems.Equipment based techniques include electro-spinning/spraying, and nano-spray dryer.
Phenolic compounds are major micronutrients in our diet,11In rest of the discussion, instead of using phenolic compounds, phenolics will be used. and evidence for their role in the prevention of degenerative diseases such as cancer, inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases is emerging. The easily destruction against environment stresses and low bioavailability of phenolics are main limitations of their application. Therefore, nano-encapsulated phenolics as a fine delivery system can solve their restrictions. Polymeric nanoparticles and natural nano-carriers are one of the most effective and industrial techniques which can be used for protection and delivery of phenolics. In this review, preparation, application and characterization of polymeric based nano-capsules and natural nano-carriers for phenolics have been considered and discussed including polymeric nanoparticles, polymeric complex nanoparticles, cyclodextrins, nano-caseins, nanocrystals, electrospun nano-fibers, electro-sprayed nano-particles, and nano-spray dried particles. Our main goal was to cover the relevant recent studies in the past few years. Although a number of different types of polymeric and natural based nano-scale delivery systems have been developed, there are relatively poor quantitative understanding of their in vivo absorption, permeation and release. Also, performing toxicity experiments, residual solvent analysis and studying their biological fate during digestion, absorption, and excretion of polymeric nanoparticle and natural nano-carriers containing phenolics should be considered in future researches. In addition, future investigations could focus on application of phenolic nano-scale delivery systems in pharmaceuticals and functional foods.
In the recent years, extensive research is under way about the use of natural bioactive compounds and production of functional foods to increase community health and reduce the risk of various ...food-related diseases. Among different bioactive compounds, the health benefits of peptides and protein hydrolysates make these compounds as nutraceutical food-additives in the formulation of functional foods. But due to physicochemical instability, hygroscopicity and bitterness, direct use of the bioactive peptides in food formulations is difficult. Encapsulation of these compounds in different carriers is one of the most common techniques to overcome the mentioned disadvantages. Among different techniques of encapsulation, spray-drying is the most economical and flexible process for reduction of hygroscopicity, masking of unpleasant-flavors and increasing the stability of bioactive peptides. In this study, the health benefits of peptides and hydrolysates, their disadvantages and applications of microencapsulation by spray-drying technique have been discussed. Also, the most recent results concerning the effect of encapsulation process with different carriers on physicochemical properties, physical and antioxidant stability, masking of bitterness and morphological characteristics of spray-dried powders loaded with bioactive peptides have been investigated.
Our main goal was to evaluate release kinetics of nano-encapsulated folic acid within a double W1/O/W2 emulsion. First, W1/O nano-emulsions loaded with folic acid were prepared and re-emulsified into ...an aqueous phase (W2) containing single whey protein concentrate (WPC) layer or double layer complex of WPC-pectin to form W1/O/W2 emulsions. Final double emulsions were spray dried and their microstructure was analyzed in terms of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Also the release trends of folic acid were determined and fitted with experimental models of zero and first order, Higuchi, and Hixson-Crowell. It was revealed that folic acid nano-capsules made with Span as the surfactant had the lowest release rate in acidic conditions (pH=4) and highest release in the alkaline conditions (pH=11). The best model fitting for folic acid release data was observed for single layer WPC encapsulated powders with the highest R2. Our FTIR data showed there was no chemical interaction between WPC and pectin in double layered capsules and based on SEM results, single WPC layered capsules resulted in smooth and uniform particles which by incorporating pectin, some wrinkles and shrinkage were found in the surface of spray dried powder particles.
PDF
