Smart agricultural systems have received a great deal of interest in recent years because of their potential for improving the efficiency and productivity of farming practices. These systems gather ...and analyze environmental data such as temperature, soil moisture, humidity, etc., using sensor networks and Internet of Things (IoT) devices. This information can then be utilized to improve crop growth, identify plant illnesses, and minimize water usage. However, dealing with data complexity and dynamism can be difficult when using traditional processing methods. As a solution to this, we offer a novel framework that combines Machine Learning (ML) with a Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithm to optimize traffic routing inside Software-Defined Networks (SDN) through traffic classifications. ML models such as Logistic Regression (LR), Random Forest (RF), k-nearest Neighbours (KNN), Support Vector Machines (SVM), Naive Bayes (NB), and Decision Trees (DT) are used to categorize data traffic into emergency, normal, and on-demand. The basic version of RL, i.e., the Q-learning (QL) algorithm, is utilized alongside the SDN paradigm to optimize routing based on traffic classes. It is worth mentioning that RF and DT outperform the other ML models in terms of accuracy. Our results illustrate the importance of the suggested technique in optimizing traffic routing in SDN environments. Integrating ML-based data classification with the QL method improves resource allocation, reduces latency, and improves the delivery of emergency traffic. The versatility of SDN facilitates the adaption of routing algorithms depending on real-time changes in network circumstances and traffic characteristics.
In this paper, the steady electrically conducting hybrid nanofluid (CuO-Cu/blood) laminar-mixed convection incompressible flow at the stagnation-point with viscous and gyrotactic microorganisms is ...considered. Additionally, hybrid nanofluid flow over a horizontal porous stretching sheet along with an induced magnetic field and external magnetic field effects that can be used in biomedical fields, such as in drug delivery and the flow dynamics of the microcirculatory system. This investigation can also deliver a perfect view about the mass and heat transfer behavior of blood flow in a circulatory system and various hyperthermia treatments such as the treatment of cancer. The simple partial differential equations (PDEs) are converted into a series of dimensional ordinary differential equations (ODEs), which are determined using appropriate similarities variables (HAM). The influence of the suction or injection parameter, mixed convection, Prandtl number, buoyancy ratio parameter, permeability parameter, magnetic parameter, reciprocal magnetic prandtl number, bioconvection Rayleigh number, coupled stress parameter, thermophoretic parameter, Schmidt number, inertial parameter, heat source parameter, and Brownian motion parameter on the concentration, motile microorganisms, velocity, and temperature is outlined, and we study the physical importance of the present problem graphically.
Different strategies have been utilized by investigators with the intention of upgrading the thermal characteristics of ordinary liquids like water and kerosene oil. The focus is currently on hybrid ...nanomaterials since they are more efficient than nanofluids, so as to increase the thermal conductivity of fluids and mixtures. In a similar manner, this investigation is performed with the aim of breaking down the consistent mixed convection flow close to a two-dimensional unstable flow between two squeezing plates with homogeneous and heterogeneous reaction in the presence of hybrid nanoparticles of the porous medium. A sustainable suspension in the ethylene glycol with water is set by dissolving inorganic substances, iron oxide Fe3O4 and cobalt (Co), to form Fe3O4−Co/C2H6O2−H2O hybrid nanofluid. The numerical and analytical model portraying the fluid flow has been planned, and similitude conditions have been determined with the assistance of the same transformations. The shooting technique has been used to solve nonlinear numerical solution. To check the validity of the results obtained from the shooting mode, the Matlab built-in function BVP4c and Mathematica built-in function homotopy analysis method (HAM) are used. The influence of rising parameters on velocity, temperature, skin friction factor, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number is evaluated with the help of graphs and tables. It has been found in this work that to acquire a productive thermal framework, the hybrid nanoparticles should be considered instead of a single sort of nanoparticles. In addition, the velocities of both the hybrid nanofluids and simple nanofluids are upgraded by the mixed convection boundary, whereas they are decreased by the porosity. An augmentation in volumetric fraction of nanoparticles correlates to an increment in the heat transmission rate. It is also found that heat transfer rate for Fe3O4−Co/C2H6O2−H2O hybrid nanofluids (HNF) is better than that of the Fe3O4−C2H6O2−H2O of single nanofluids (SNF). This research shows that hybrid nanofluids play a significant part in the transfer of heat and in the distribution of nanofluids at higher temperatures.
This paper explores the time dependent squeezing flow of a viscous fluid between parallel plates with internal heat generation and homogeneous/heterogeneous reactions. The motive of the present ...effort is to upgrade the heat transformation rate for engineering and industrial purpose with the rate of chemical reaction. For this purpose the equations for the conservation of mass, momentum, energy and homogeneous/heterogeneous reactions are transformed to a system of coupled equations using the similarity transformation. According to HAM, with the proper starting assumptions and other factors, a similarity solution may be found. On the way to verifying the validity and correctness of HAM findings, we compare the HAM solution with numerical solver programme BVP4c to see whether it matches up. The results of a parametric inquiry are summarized and presented with the use of graphs.
Steganography aims to hide the messages from unauthorized persons for various purposes, e.g., military correspondence, financial transaction data. Securing the data during transmission is of utmost ...importance these days. The confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the data are at risk because of the emerging technologies and complexity in software applications, and therefore, there is a need to secure such systems and data. There are various methodologies to deal with security issues when utilizing an open system like the Internet. This research proposes a new technique in steganography within RGB shading space to achieve enhanced security compared with existing systems. We evaluate our approach with the help of diverse image quality evaluation techniques including MSE (Mean Square Error), RMSE (Root Mean Square Error), PSNR (Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio), MAE (Mean Absolute Error), NCC (Normalized Cross-Correlation) and SSIM (Structural Similarity Index). Our experimental results demonstrate improved strength, intangibility, and security when contrasted with existing techniques and vindicate the effectiveness of this exploration work. The proposed approach achieved a 3.6701% average higher score for PSNR Correlation than the next best existing approach. Moreover, in PSNR with a variable amount of cipher embedded in the same images of the same dimensions, the proposed approach attained a 5.22% better score. Embedding the same size of cipher in images of different size resulted a 3.56% better score.
The impacts of magnetic field dependent viscous fluid is explored between
squeezing plates in the presence of homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions.
The unsteady constitutive equations of heat and ...mass transfers, modified
Navier-Stokes, magnetic field and homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions
are coupled as an system of ODE. The appropriate solutions are established
for the vertical and axial induced magnetic field equations for the
transformed and momentum as well as for the MHD pressure and torque exerted
on the upper plate, and are in details. In the case of a smooth plate, the
self-similar equation with acceptable starting assumptions and auxiliary
parameters is solved by utilising a homotopy analytics method, to generate
an algorithm with fast and guaranteed convergence. By comparing homotopy
analytics method solutions with BVP4c numerical solver packaging, the
validity and correctness of the homotopy analytics method findings are
demonstrated. Magnetic Reynolds number have been shown to cause to decrease
the distribution of magnetic field, fluid temperature, axial and tangential
velocity. The magnetic field also has vertical and axial components with
increasing viscosity. The applications of the investigation include car
magneto-rheological shock absorbers, modern aircraft landing gear systems,
procedures for heating or cooling, biological sensor systems, and
bio-prothesis, etc.
Porous crystalline materials such as covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have gained tremendous popularity in multidisciplinary areas of science and technology. In this study, for the first time, we ...report a covalent triazine-based framework (CTF-1) as an efficient adsorbent for the removal of Cd
2+
from aqueous solutions. CTF-1 offered excellent stability under extreme conditions for the effective removal of cadmium cations (Cd
2+
) from aqueous solutions. CTF-1 was first synthesized through an ionothermal method and then characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM and BET surface area measurements to confirm its highly crystalline and microporous nature. Batch adsorption experiments were systematically conducted under a wide range of pH, metal ions concentration, adsorbent dosage and contact time to investigate kinetics, thermodynamics and adsorption properties of CTF-1 towards Cd
2+
ions removal. The pseudo-second-order model showed good fitting to experimental data, whereas Langmuir and D-R isotherms confirmed the chemical nature of the adsorption. Similarly, thermodynamic parameters indicated the adsorption to be spontaneous and endothermic. Furthermore, our simulation results showed that CTF-1 possess uniform distribution of negative charge along the framework, making it an ideal candidate for the adsorption of cations together with the high stability in both acidic and basic pH. The strategies adopted in this study will open a new avenue to design novel nanoporous functional materials for next generation adsorbents.
Porous crystalline materials such as covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have gained tremendous popularity in multidisciplinary areas of science and technology.
Nanotechnology is one of the most advance and multidisciplinary fields. Recent advances in nanoscience and nanotechnology radically changed the way we diagnose, treat, and prevent various diseases in ...all aspects of human life. The use of plants and their extracts is one of the most valuable methods towards rapid and single-step protocol preparation for various nanoparticles, keeping intact “the green principles” over the conventional ones and proving their dominance for medicinal importance. A facile and eco-friendly technique for synthesizing silver nanoparticles has been developed by using the latex of Euphorbia royleana as a bio-reductant for reducing Ag+ ions in an aqueous solution. Various characterization techniques were employed to validate the morphology, structure, and size of nanoparticles via UV–Vis spectroscopy, XRD, SEM, and EDS. FTIR spectroscopy validates different functional groups associated with biomolecules stabilizing/capping the silver nanoparticles, while SEM and XRD revealed spherical nanocrystals with FCC geometry. The results revealed that latex extract-mediated silver nanoparticles (LER-AgNPs) exhibited promising antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and -negative bacterial strains (Bacillus pumilus, Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Streptococcus viridians). Both latex of E. royleana and LER-AgNPs were found to be potent in scavenging DPPH free radicals with respective EC50s and EC70s as 0.267% and 0.518% and 0.287% and 0.686%. ROSs produced in the body damage tissue and cause inflammation in oxidative stress-originated diseases. H2O2 and OH* scavenging activity increased with increasing concentrations (20–100 μg/mL) of LER-AgNPs. Significant reestablishment of ALT, AST, ALP, and bilirubin serum levels was observed in mice intoxicated with acetaminophen (PCM), revealing promising hepatoprotective efficacy of LER-AgNPs in a dose-dependent manner.
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of ethical leadership in determining the organizations' individual-type ethical climate (self-interest, friendship, and personal morality ...ethical climate) in reducing employee turnover intention. It seeks to identify the role of individual-type climate in mediating the association between ethical leadership and employee turnover intention. Moreover, the moderation effect of emotional exhaustion among employees on the relationship between ethical leadership and turnover intention has been researched to establish the ethical degree of leadership. Using a sample of 260 questionnaires from employees working full-time in the banking sector, the results were analyzed in PLS-SEM. The results of the social exchange theory indicated that ethical leadership is vital in shaping the workplace's individual-type ethical climate and reducing employees' turnover intention. The findings demonstrate that the relationship between ethical leadership and turnover intention is mediated by an individual-type ethical climate, which means that employees in a positive ethical climate do not wish to leave immediately. Furthermore, emotional exhaustion was found to moderate the association between ethical leadership and employees' turnover intention under high emotional exhaustion, where low ethical leadership is experienced, reporting higher levels of turnover intention.
The synthesis of a novel cyclohexanone derivative (CHD; Ethyl 6-(4-metohxyphenyl)-2-oxo-4-phenylcyclohexe-3-enecarboxylate) was described and the subsequent aim was to perform an in vitro, in vivo ...and in silico pharmacological evaluation as a putative anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory agent in mice. Initial in vitro studies revealed that CHD inhibited both cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) enzymes and it also reduced mRNA expression of COX-2 and the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β. It was then shown that CHD dose dependently inhibited chemically induced tonic nociception in the abdominal constriction assay and also phasic thermal nociception (i.e. anti-nociception) in the hot plate and tail immersion tests in comparison with aspirin and tramadol respectively. The thermal test outcomes indicated a possible moderate centrally mediated anti-nociception which, in the case of the hot plate test, was pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) and naloxone reversible, implicating GABAergic and opioidergic mechanisms. CHD was also effective against both the neurogenic and inflammatory mediator phases induced in the formalin test and it also disclosed anti-inflammatory activity against the phlogistic agents, carrageenan, serotonin, histamine and xylene compared with standard drugs in edema volume tests. In silico studies indicated that CHD possessed preferential affinity for GABAA, opioid and COX-2 target sites and this was supported by molecular dynamic simulations where computation of free energy of binding also favored the formation of stable complexes with these sites. These findings suggest that CHD has prospective anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties, probably mediated through GABAergic and opioidergic interactions supplemented by COX-2 and 5-LOX enzyme inhibition in addition to reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. CHD may therefore possess potentially beneficial therapeutic effectiveness in the management of inflammation and pain.
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•A synthesized anti-inflammatory cyclohexanone (CHD) was tested in vivo and in vitro.•CHD inhibited COX-2 and 5-LOX enzymes plus COX-2, TNF-α and IL-1β mRNA expression.•CHD also produced GABAA and opioid mediated inhibitory activity in nociceptive tests.•In silico CHD had preferential affinity for GABAA, opioid and COX-2 target sites.•CHD may possess therapeutic effectiveness in the management of inflammation and pain.
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