Polymer composites offered broad engineered applications, however their diversity get restricted owing to fluctuations in thermomechanical properties during heating or cooling hence great concern ...required prior their applications through thermomechanical analysis (TMA). Traditionally, TMA or dilatometry found to be simple, ideal, reliable, sensitive, excellent and basic thermal analytical technique. TMA provides valuable information on thermal expansion, glass transitions temperature (Tg), softening points, composition and phase changes on material of having different geometries simply by applying a constant force as a function of temperature.
This compilation highlights the basics and experimental of TMA for both research and technical applications and also provide literature on TMA of polymers, hybrid composites, nanocomposites and their diverse applications. KCI Citation Count: 60
•Kenaf fibres regarded as potential materials for polymer composite based industries.•Mechanical properties of kenaf fibre composite comparable to glass fibre composite.•Kenaf composites nowadays ...used as construction materials for different buildings.
Kenaf regarded as an industrial crop in Malaysia and also grown commercially in other part of world for different applications. It is certainly one of the important plants cultivated for natural fibres globally, next to cotton, which is endemic to ancient Africa. It has great potential to use as automotive and construction materials due its long fibres derived from outer fibrous bark, the bast. Natural fibres such as kenaf getting attention of researchers and industries to utilize it in different polymer composites based products due to environmental awareness of consumers and government regulation in some countries. In many research studies, kenaf fibres are reinforced with polymer matrix to form fibre reinforced polymeric composites which perfectly improve the features of the polymers. Mechanical properties of kenaf fibres is comparable to existing materials and it will play an important role to utilize as the material of choice for a varied range of structural and non-structural industrial products with polymer matrix. The innumerable properties of kenaf fibres in original and reprocessed plastics are demonstrated by many recent studies and research efforts make it suitable construction materials (such as boards of different densities, breadths, along with fire and insect resistance). In this review work, we try to explore and highlights the previous work involving mechanical properties of kenaf fibre reinforced polymer composites to provide a perfect source of literature for doing further research in this topic to explore it as construction and building materials.
•This review work provides an up-to date information regarding the nanocellulose production from biomass by mechanical process.•A special focus is devoted to the pretreatment of lignocellulosic ...biomass for less energy consumption.•Application of nanocellulose-based materials for high performance nanobiocomposites and nanopaper technology are presented and discussed.•Chronology, challenges and obstacles of nanocellulose are discussed.
Nanofibrillated cellulose from biomass has recently gained attention owing to their biodegradable nature, low density, high mechanical properties, economic value and renewability. Although they still suffer from two major drawbacks. The first challenge is the exploration of raw materials and its application in nanocomposites production. Second one is high energy consumption regarding the mechanical fibrillation. However, pretreatments before mechanical isolation can overcome this problem. Hydrophilic nature of nano-size cellulose fibers restricts good dispersion of these materials in hydrophobic polymers and therefore, leads to lower mechanical properties. Surface modification before or after mechanical defibrillation could be a solution for this problem. Additionally, drying affects the size of nanofibers and its properties which needs to study further. This review focuses on recent developments in pretreatments, nanofibrillated cellulose production and its application in nanopaper applications, coating additives, security papers, food packaging, and surface modifications and also for first time its drying.
•DMA is one of the most powerful tools to study behaviour of polymer composites.•DMA study will help utilisation of natural fibre composites in construction field.•Natural fibre composites can be ...used for replacing steel, wood and concrete.
Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) is a versatile technique that complements the information provided by the more traditional thermal analysis techniques such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and thermal mechanical analysis (TMA). The dynamic parameters such as storage modulus (E′), loss modulus (E″), and damping factor (Tan δ) are temperature dependent and provide information about interfacial bonding between the reinforced fibre and polymer matrix of composite material. The dynamic parameters were ominously influenced by the increase in fibre length and loading but not in a geometric progression. Dynamic loading conditions are frequently stumble in civil infrastructure systems due to sound, winds, earthquakes, ocean waves and live loads. Vibration damping parameters shows prime importance for structural applications in order to enhance the reliability, performance, buildings comfort and in the alleviation of bridges hazards. DMA also predicts the effects of time and temperature on polymer sealants viscoelastic performance under different environments. Present review article designed to be a comprehensive source of reported literature involving dynamic mechanical properties of natural fibre reinforced polymer composites, hybrid and nano composites and its applications. This review article will provides a perfect data to explore its industrial application primarily as cheaper construction and building materials for doing further research in this topic.
•Epoxy nanocomposites fabricated at different CNFs filler loadings by hand lay-up.•Addition of CNFs improves thermal stability and char content of epoxy composites.•E’, E” and Tg of epoxy composites ...increases remarkably by incorporating CNFs.•Noticeable decrease in Tan δ by adding CNFs with respect to epoxy composites.•0.75% CNFs filler loading seems most effective and best among 0.5% and 1% loading.
The current study presents about the effect of cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) filler on the thermal and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) of epoxy composites as a function of temperature. In this study hand lay-up method was used to fabricate CNF reinforced Epoxy nanocomposites with CNF loading of 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1% into epoxy resin. The obtained thermal and DMA results illustrates that thermal stability, char content, storage modulus (E’), loss modulus (E”) and glass transition temperature (Tg) increases for all CNF/epoxy nanocomposites compared to the pure epoxy. Thermal results revealed that 0.75% offers superior resistance or stability towards heat compared to its counterparts. In addition, 0.75% CNF/epoxy nanocomposites confers highest value of storage modulus as compared to 0.5% and 1% filler loading. Hence, it is concluded that 0.75% CNFs loading is the minimal to enhance both thermal and dynamic mechanical properties of the epoxy composites and can be utilized for advance material applications where thermal stability along with renewability are prime requirements.
•Isolation and characterization of CNFs from the NBSK pulp by shear defibrillator.•Epoxy nanocomposites fabricated at different CNFs filler loadings by hand lay-up.•Incorporation of CNFs improves ...mechanical, morphological and structural properties.•No considerable change in crystallinity of CNFs/epoxy nanocomposites observed.•0.75% CNFs filler loading seems most effective and best among 0.5%, 1% CNFs loading.
Present study, deals about isolation and characterization of cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) from the Northern Bleached Softwood Kraft (NBSK) pulp, fabrication by hand lay-up technique and characterization of fabricated epoxy nanocomposites at different filler loadings (0.5%, 0.75%, 1% by wt.). The effect of CNFs loading on mechanical (tensile, impact and flexural), morphological (scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope) and structural (XRD and FTIR) properties of epoxy composites were investigated. FTIR analysis confirms the introduction of CNFs into the epoxy matrix while no considerable change in the crystallinity and diffraction peaks of epoxy composites were observed by the XRD patterns. Additions of CNFs considerably enhance the mechanical properties of epoxy composites but a remarkable improvement is observed for 0.75% CNFs as compared to the rest epoxy nanocomposites. In addition, the electron micrographs revealed the perfect distribution and dispersion of CNFs in the epoxy matrix for the 0.75% CNFs/epoxy nanocomposites, while the existence of voids and agglomerations were observed beyond 0.75% CNFs filler loadings. Overall results analysis clearly revealed that the 0.75% CNFs filler loading is best and effective with respect to rest to enhance the mechanical and structural properties of the epoxy composites.
•The mechanical properties of woven kenaf/Kevlar hybrid composites were analysed.•The layering sequences affect the mechanical properties of hybrid composites.•Treated kenaf improves the mechanical ...properties of hybrid composites.
This work aims to evaluate the effect of layering sequence and chemical treatment on mechanical properties of woven kenaf–Kevlar composites. Woven kenaf–aramid hybrid laminated composites fabricated through hand lay-up techniques by arranging woven kenaf and Kevlar fabrics in different layering sequences and by using treated kenaf mat. To evaluate the effect of chemical treatment on hybrid composites, the woven kenaf mat was treated with 6% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) diluted solution and compared mechanical properties with untreated kenaf hybrid composites. Results shows that the tensile properties of hybrid composites improved in 3-layer composites compared to 4-layer composites. Hybrid composite with Kevlar as outer layers display a better mechanical properties as compared to other hybrid composites. Tensile and flexural properties of treated hybrid composites are better than non-treated hybrid composites. The fractured surface of hybrid composites was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. This study is a part of exploration of potential application of the hybrid composite in high velocity impact application.
•Sisal fibre obtained by decortication from sisal plants widely found in East Africa.•It possess super engineering mechanical properties like jute and hemp fibres.•Tensile strength, modulus and ...elongation at break are comparable to jute and flax.•Adding in thermosets, thermoplastics and biopolymer improves mechanical strength.•Sisal polymer composites impart revolution in structural and building industries.
Recently, growing environmental impact associated with production, disposal and recycling of synthetic fibre based polymer composites triggers the development of ecofriendly composite for various applications such as automotive, marine, chemical, Infrastructure, sporting goods etc. Among many natural fibres like kenaf, jute, oil palm, cotton, flax, banana and hemp, sisal are gaining attention as they are abundantly available, cheaper, eco-friendly and possess remarkable and satisfactory mechanical properties to hemp, banana and jute. Sisal fibre will play a key role to fabricate a varied range of structural and non-structural industrial products with different polymer matrix. This review article deals the mechanical properties of sisal fibre and the several factors influencing the mechanical properties of its polymer composites, such as fibre loadings, fibre length, fibre architecture, chemical treatments and hybridization by incorporating different natural/synthetic fibre/fillers or additive, according to the application and strength requirements. Attempt also been made to investigate the effect of water absorption, chemical concentration, exposure time, filler weight% and individual fibre loading % in the hybrid configuration on the mechanical properties. Overall present review article was designed to explore, highlights and gathered the previous reported studies directing the mechanical properties of sisal fibre and its polymer composites to provide a perfect source of data and literature for doing future research to reveal it as construction and building materials like synthetic fibres.
Display omitted
•Magnesium hydroxide/kenaf/epoxy hybrid composites was fabricated by hand lay-up.•Mechanical and morphological properties of hybrid composites were evaluated.•Thermal stability and ...dynamic properties of hybrid composites was characterized.•20% MH/kenaf/epoxy hybrid composites displayed better among the rest composites.•20% MH filler shows better thermal stability and dynamic properties among others.
The present article deals with the fabrication of magnesium hydroxide (MH) filler reinforced kenaf/epoxy hybrid composites with different loading (10%, 15%, 20% and 25% by wt). Tensile, impact, flexural, morphological, thermal stability and dynamic mechanical properties of the developed MH/kenaf/epoxy hybrid composites were evaluated and compared. The analysis of the results revealed that the incorporation of the stiff MH particles into the kenaf/epoxy composites enhanced their tensile, flexural and impact properties, as well as their residual content. Enhancement in both storage (E′) and loss (E″) moduli, as well as a considerable decrease in damping factor (Tan δ), was observed in the hybrid composites, compared to the kenaf/epoxy composites. Moreover, a remarkable improvement in properties was noticed for the 20% MH hybrid composites, which was ascribed to better dispersion and interfacial interaction between the kenaf fibers and the epoxy within composites, enabling more efficient interfacial stress transfer. Overall, the 20% MH/kenaf/epoxy hybrid composites presented better mechanical strength, thermal stability and dynamic properties compared to the rest of the hybrid composites developed in this study.
The present environmental regulations enforced by the government authorities have made the investigators around the globe to make use of more and more green materials particularly in composite ...systems. In this context, natural fibers play an important role and proven to be excellent reinforcements in polymer matrices. However, these natural fibers have got one major limitation: their incompatible hydrophilic behavior which affects their bonding with hydrophobic matrixes. Researchers over the years have come up with several fiber surface modification processes to overcome this defect. So, in this present study, the effect of various chemical treatments like alkaline, benzoyl peroxide, potassium permanganate, and stearic acid on Prosopis juliflora fibers has been discussed. These various chemical treatments on the fiber surfaces impacted on their structure, composition, and properties which were discovered through chemical analysis, Fourier transform-infrared, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, and tensile testing.
PDF
