Effects of chemical treatment with a citric acid solution or ozonated water on microbiological changes in lettuce and cabbage during storage were studied. Fresh lettuce and cabbage samples were cut ...into small pieces and treated by soaking in either ozonated water or a citric acid solution. After treatment, populations of total bacteria, yeast and mold, and E. coli were determined. Numbers of microorganisms increased during storage, but ozonated water and citric acid treatments retarded the increase in microbial growth. Among treatments, 1% citric acid treatment was the most effective in terms of microbiological change and inhibition of polyphenoloxidase (PPO). For lettuce, citric acid treatment decreased the microbial growth overall by 1.5 log CFU/g and inhibited the PPO activity by 80%. These results indicate that chemical-treated lettuce and cabbage retained a better quality than those of the control during storage. KCI Citation Count: 2
비유창성 빈도 분석 체계 비교 연구 신명선; 장현진; 김효정 ...
언어치료연구,
06/2014, Letnik:
23, Številka:
2
Journal Article
배경 및 목적: 비유창성 평가시 기준이 평가도구마다 또는 연구마다 달라서 비유창성 평가 결과의 비교가 어렵고, 어떤 기준을 선택해야 할 지 결정하기가 어렵다. 본 연구는 유창성 평가 분야에서 여러 가지로 측정되고 있는 비유창성 빈도 분석의 기준을 비교 분석하여 보다 적절한 빈도 분석 기준을 설정하고자 하는데 목적이 있다. 방법: 47명의 발달성 말더듬 ...성인을 대상으로 일상생활에 관하여 2분 이상 혼자말하기를 하도록 하였다. 말더듬인의 발화를 정상적 비유창성, 병리적 비유창성, 총 비유창성, 복합 비유창성으로 구분하고, 복합 비유창성에 대하여서는 단수계수, 복수계수를 통하여 빈도와 백분율을 측정하였다. 결과: 첫째, 비유창성 유형범주 중에는 병리적 비유창성 빈도와 총 비유창성 빈도가 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었으며, 병리적 비유창성 빈도가 말더듬 심한 정도와 상관이 더 높은 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 복합 비유창성 유형 중에서는 정상적 비유창성과 병리적 비유창성이 결합된 경우가 가장 많은 것으로 나타났다. 단수계수방법과 복수계수방법 모두 말더듬 심한 정도와 높은 상관이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 단수계수시 빈도와 복수계수시 빈도 간 상관도 매우 높게 나타났다. 셋째, 병리적 비유창성의 100음절당 빈도와 분당 빈도는 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었으며, 100음절당 빈도가 말더듬심한 정도와 상관이 더 높게 나타났다. 논의 및 결론: 본 연구의 결과를 바탕으로 말더듬인의 유창성 평가 시 비유창성 빈도를 측정하고 분석하여 기록할 때 보다 타당한 방법을 선택할 수 있도록 빈도 분석 기준을 확립하는데 중요한 근거를 마련하였다고 생각한다. Purpose: In disfluency evaluation, it is difficult to compare the evaluation results of disfluency and to decide whether to use what analytical method because disfluency analysis criteria are different in each evaluation tool and in each study. This study is aimed at establishing better standards on frequency analysis by comparatively analyzing the standards on disfluency frequency measured in various ways in the field of fluency assessment. Methods: Forty-seven adults with developmental stuttering were asked to talk for more than 2 minutes about their daily lives. These speech samples were divided into the following categories: normal disfluency; abnormal disfluency; total disfluency; and complex disfluency. Afterwards, their frequency and percentages were measured. Results: First, among the disfluency type categories, there were statistically significant differences between the abnormal disfluency and total disfluency. In particular, the abnormal disfluency frequency was more related to the severity of stuttering. Second, among the complex disfluency types, the most frequent case was normal disfluency and abnormal disfluency combined. Both the single count and multi count method were highly correlated with the severity of stuttering. Also, there was a high correlation between the single count and multi count. Third, there were statistically significant differences between the frequency of abnormal disfluency per 100 syllables and the frequency per minute. In particular, the frequency per 100 syllables was more related to the severity of stuttering. Conclusions: These findings could serve as important data for establishing standards on frequency analysis; it could lead to a better method for measuring, analyzing, and recording disfluency frequency in the fluency assessment of stutterers. KCI Citation Count: 10
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