The WRKY gene family is among the largest families of transcription factors （TFs） in higher plants. By regulating the plant hormone signal transduction pathway, these TFs play critical roles in some ...plant processes in response to biotic and abiotic stress, Various bodies of research have demonstrated the important biological functions of WRKY TFs in plant response to different kinds of biotic and abiotic stresses and working mecha- nisms. However, very li2ttle summarization has been done to review their research progress. Not iust important TFs function in plant response to biotic and abiotic stresses, WRKY also participates in carbohydrate synthesis, senes- cence, development, and secondary metabolites synthesis. WRKY proteins can bind to W-box （TGACC （A/T）） in the promoter of its target genes and activate or repress the expression of downstream genes to regulate their stress response. Moreover, WRKY proteins can interact with other TFs to regulate plant defensive responses. In the present review, we focus on the structural characteristics of WRKY TFs and the research progress on their functions in plant responses to a variety of stresses.
Sensitive electrochemical sensors were fabricated with reduced graphene oxide-supported Au@Pd (Au@Pd-RGO) nanocomposites by one-step synthesis for individual and simultaneous determination of ...ascorbic acid (AA), dopamine (DA), and uric acid (UA) with low detection limits and wide concentration ranges. From the Au@Pd-RGO-modified electrodes, well-separated oxidation peaks and enhanced peak currents of AA, DA, and UA were observed owing to the superior conductivity of RGO and the excellent catalytic activity of Au@Pd nanoparticles. For individual detection, the linear responses of AA, DA, and UA were in the concentration ranges of 0.1-1000, 0.01-100, and 0.02-500 μM with detection limits of 0.02, 0.002, and 0.005 μM (S/N = 3), respectively. For simultaneous detection by synchronous change of the concentrations of AA, DA, and UA, the linear response ranges were 1-800, 0.1-100, and 0.1-350 μM with detection limits of 0.28, 0.024, and 0.02 μM (S/N = 3), respectively. The fabricated sensors were further applied to the detection of AA, DA, and UA in urine samples. The Au@Pd-RGO nanocomposites have promising applications in highly sensitive and selective electrochemical sensing.
•A full and concise review of the literatures on China’s ETS.•Mechanism design, coordination and linkage and impact assessment are involved.•Policy suggestions are offered for devising China’s ...nationwide ETS.•Pressing research areas in the future are identified.
With important implications for global climate change mitigation, the development of a cap-and-trade emission trading scheme (ETS) in China is embedded in distinctive political, economic, and institutional contexts and has been attracting increasing attention in recent years. To offer a clear perspective on current research progress, this paper systematically reviews the recent literature on China’s ETS from three main aspects: mechanism design, policy and regional linkages, as well as impact assessment. The current research consensuses are summarized based upon detailed literature analyses and commentaries, and together with observations of international experience and China’s actual condition, the paper provides policy proposals for the development of China’s national ETS during 2016–2020. Finally, several important controversies in the current literature are discussed with regard to the practical demands of China’s ETS development. Five pressing topics that need to be further studied in the coming years are highlighted, including cap setting, allowance allocation among sectors and enterprises, carbon pricing, policy package and unified carbon market construction, as well as ex-ante and ex-post impact assessments.
Whether China can prevent its CO2 emissions from increasing by 2030 is critical for achieving the Paris Agreement's goal of limiting global warming below 2 °C. Understanding the growth and potential ...peak of CO2 emissions in various sectors and various provinces of China has great significance to formulate more targeted strategies on capping emissions on a national level. This issue has recently attracted increasing attention but remains far from being resolved. Therefore, this article critically reviews the current literature regarding sectoral- and provincial-level CO2 emission projections for China, to determine up-to-date study progresses and guide future studies. It has been concluded that China's various sectors and provinces present large gaps with respect to the time and the quantity to peak their CO2 emissions. Energy-extensive heavy industry sectors, such as cement, iron and steel, and electricity sectors, take the lead in capping CO2 emissions compared with service, transport, and building sectors. In addition, the eastern provinces are expected to achieve the peak of CO2 emissions prior to the central and western provinces, while more economically and technically advanced provinces reach this peak ahead of less developed and energy-producing provinces. Based on the significantly different dynamics and drivers of CO2 emissions, sectoral- and provincial-specific strategies on emission abatement are outlined for China. Moreover, four critical topics are highlighted for future study, including improvement of study methodology, detailed examination of CO2 emission trends in several key sectors and provinces, and in-depth exploration of the far-reaching impacts of capping CO2 emissions in China and associated countermeasures.
•Sectoral- and provincial-level peak of CO2 emissions in China.•Energy-extensive industries cap emissions prior to services, transport, building.•Advanced provinces cap emissions ahead of less developed, energy-producing provinces.•Sectoral- and provincial-specific pathways to peak and reduce emissions for China.•Four critical topics requiring further study.
This technical note presents state and output feedback shared-control algorithms for a class of linear systems in the presence of constraints on the output described by means of linear inequalities. ...The properties of the closed-loop shared-control systems are studied using Lyapunov arguments. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm.
Retinal fundus diseases can lead to irreversible visual impairment without timely diagnoses and appropriate treatments. Single disease-based deep learning algorithms had been developed for the ...detection of diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and glaucoma. Here, we developed a deep learning platform (DLP) capable of detecting multiple common referable fundus diseases and conditions (39 classes) by using 249,620 fundus images marked with 275,543 labels from heterogenous sources. Our DLP achieved a frequency-weighted average F1 score of 0.923, sensitivity of 0.978, specificity of 0.996 and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.9984 for multi-label classification in the primary test dataset and reached the average level of retina specialists. External multihospital test, public data test and tele-reading application also showed high efficiency for multiple retinal diseases and conditions detection. These results indicate that our DLP can be applied for retinal fundus disease triage, especially in remote areas around the world.
Abstract
The electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is at the heart of modern sustainable energy technologies. However, the linear scaling relationship of this multistep reaction now becomes ...the bottleneck for accelerating kinetics. Herein, we propose a strategy of using intermetallic-distance-regulated atomic-scale bimetal assembly (ABA) that can catalyse direct O‒O radical breakage without the formation of redundant *OOH intermediates, which could regulate the inherent linear scaling relationship and cause the ORR on ABA to follow a fast-kinetic dual-sites mechanism. Using in situ synchrotron spectroscopy, we directly observe that a self-adjustable N-bridged Pt = N
2
= Fe assembly promotes the generation of a key intermediate state (Pt‒O‒O‒Fe) during the ORR process, resulting in high reaction kinetics and selectivity. The well-designed Pt = N
2
= Fe ABA catalyst achieves a nearly two orders of magnitude enhanced kinetic current density at the half-wave potential of 0.95 V relative to commercial Pt/C and an almost 99% efficiency of 4-electron pathway selectivity, making it one of the potential ORR catalysts for application to the energy device of zinc‒air cells. This study provides a helpful design principle for developing and optimizing other efficient ORR electrocatalysts.
The development of a sensitive flexible wearable temperature sensor has extraordinary significance in the field of human vital signs detection. Herein, we demonstrate a flexible temperature sensor ...(FTS) fitting on human skin based on non-woven fabric, and it has been systematically characterized and tested for performance. The resistor-type FTS integrated sodium alginate with graphene, behaved as negative temperature coefficient feature and exhibited excellent sensing performance of good sensitivity (TCR = − 1.5 °C
−1
), high accuracy of 0.1 °C, short response time (26.3 s), high stability and repeatability at the temperature range of 20.0–45.0 °C. Specially, the FTS eliminated strain and humidity interference, so that can be attached to the human body to detect skin temperature changes continuously and stably.
Graphic abstract
•Use subdivided final energy consumption data and sector-specific emission factors.•Quantify and discuss direct and indirect energy-related CO2 emissions of provinces.•Uncover large-scale ...interprovincial CO2 transfer embodied in electricity deployment.•Provinces with large emissions or in rapid emission growths are key to cut emissions.•Emission reductions target at the key driving factors and sectors in every province.
Accurately understanding the real situation of China’s carbon emissions at the provincial level is not only crucial for realizing carbon mitigation in China, but also of great importance for tackling climate change on a global scale. This paper uses detailed energy consumption data subdivided within each fuel type and sector-specific emission factors, to calculate both direct and indirect energy-related CO2 emissions for China’s provinces, and offers provincially-targeted policy proposals on emission reductions. The results uncover large divergences in calculation of provincial CO2 emissions between production-based and consumption-based accounting approaches. Considering the large amount of interprovincial CO2 emission transfers embodied in secondary energy deployment, the consumption-based accounting performs better in reflecting the actual features and responsibilities of carbon emissions in the provinces of China. From the consumption perspective, Shandong, Hebei, Jiangsu, Inner Mongolia, Guangdong, Henan, Liaoning and Shanxi contributed to the majority of China’s carbon emission growth during the period of 1996–2013, while Xinjiang, Sichuan, Anhui, Tianjin and Hunan were playing an increasingly important role. These two groups of provinces should be regarded as the key regions for national emissions abatement. Meanwhile, the energy industry was the top sectoral contributor to CO2 emissions growth in most provinces, while service and household sectors made increasingly significant impacts on driving up provincial emissions. Together with ongoing efforts in the energy sector, the mitigation of CO2 emissions in service and household sectors deserves much more attention, especially in the transportation and urban household sectors. Furthermore, the temporal trends of carbon emissions in various provinces, as well as their factor and sectoral driving forces, varied greatly with each other. Therefore, each of the provinces should formulate emission reduction policies according to their own situation, and target the key driving factors and sectors of carbon emissions at the current stage or in the near future.
Z-scheme photocatalytic system was considered as a promising strategy to tackle environmental pollution crises. However, photogenerated charges behaviors of Z-scheme photocatalyst were still ...ambiguous, particularly for charge-recombination process occurring at the interface of Z-scheme heterojunctions. In this work, a solid-state heterojunction photocatalyst consisting of BiOI and g-C3N4 was fabricated to reveal the Z-scheme transfer process of photogenerated charge. The morphology, physical and optical properties were characterized in detail. The as-prepared BiOI/g-C3N4 composites exhibited higher reduction efficiency of Cr(VI) than that of pure BiOI and g-C3N4, and 79.2% of Cr(VI) removal was achieved after 15 min visible light irradiation (λ > 420 nm). The remarkable degradation performance was due to efficient separation and transfer of photogenerated charge in a direct Z-scheme path. More importantly, the non-radiative recombination process of photoinduced carriers occurring at the interface between BiOI and g-C3N4 was confirmed by the photoluminescence (PL), photoacoustics (PA) spectroscopy, work function (WF) and electron spin-resonance spectroscopy (ESR) measurement. This work shows that appropriate increasing the non-radiative recombination center may help to improve the charge recombination occurring at the interface so as to enhance photocatalytic degradation activity of Z-scheme photocatalytic system.
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•The way of charge-recombination at the interface of BiOI/g-C3N4 was investigated.•Remarkable photoreduction performance of Cr(VI) with BiOI/g-C3N4 was demonstrated.•A new mechanism understanding for high-performance was proposed.
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