•This meta-analysis showed that higher sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) consumption was significantly associated with a modestly higher risk of depression.•A nonlinear dose-response relationship was ...found for depression risk with SSBs overconsumption.•The threshold of SSBs consumption for depression was the equivalent of about 2 cups/day of cola, above that level the depression risk might be increased obviously.
It remains inconsistent whether sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) consumption increases the risk of depression. Thus, we carried out a meta-analysis to evaluate the association between SSBs consumption and the risk of depression.
PubMed and Web of Science were searched for relevant articles published up to June 2018. Pooled relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated by the fixed-effects model or random effect model based on heterogeneity test.
10 observational studies involving 37,131 depression cases among 365,289 participants were included. The combined risk of depression for the highest versus lowest consumption of SSBs was 1.31 (95% CI 1.24–1.39). The findings were consistent in the cross-sectional studies (RR = 1.38; 95% CI 1.26–1.52) as well as in the cohort studies (RR = 1.30; 95% CI 1.19–1.41) A nonlinear dose-response relationship was found (Pnonlinearity = 0.0103) for depression risk and SSBs consumption. Compared with SSBs nondrinkers, those who drank the equivalent of 2 cups/day of cola might increase the risk of depression by 5% (RR = 1.05; 95% CI 1.01–1.09). And the equivalent of 3cans/day of cola might have approximately 25% higher risk of depression.
10 studies were included in this meta-analysis, of which only 4 were cohort studies, and more cohort studies need to be performed in the future.
This meta-analysis indicates that SSBs consumption might be associated with a modestly higher risk of depression. The results need to be further confirmed in the future.
Platinum is the most efficient catalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction in acidic conditions, but its widespread use has been impeded by scarcity and high cost. Herein, Pt atomic clusters (Pt ACs) ...containing Pt-O-Pt units were prepared using Co/N co-doped carbon (CoNC) as support. Pt ACs are anchored to single Co atoms on CoNC by forming strong interactions. Pt-ACs/CoNC exhibits only 24 mV overpotential at 10 mA cm
and a high mass activity of 28.6 A mg
at 50 mV, which is more than 6 times higher than commercial Pt/C with any Pt loadings. Spectroscopic measurements and computational modeling reveal the enhanced hydrogen generation activity attributes to the charge redistribution between Pt and O atoms in Pt-O-Pt units, making Pt atoms the main active sites and O linkers the assistants, thus optimizing the proton adsorption and hydrogen desorption. This work opens an avenue to fabricate noble-metal-based ACs stabilized by single-atom catalysts with desired properties for electrocatalysis.
PURPOSE: Coffee and caffeine have been linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A dose–response meta-analysis of prospective studies was conducted to assess the association between coffee and ...caffeine intake and T2DM incidence. METHODS: Pertinent studies were identified by a search of PubMed and EMBASE. The fixed- or random-effect pooled measure was selected based on between-study heterogeneity. Dose–response relationship was assessed by restricted cubic spline. RESULTS: Compared with the lowest level, the pooled relative risk (95 % CI) of T2DM was 0.71 (0.67–0.76) for the highest level of coffee intake (26 articles involving 50,595 T2DM cases and 1,096,647 participants), 0.79 (0.69–0.91) for the highest level of decaffeinated coffee intake (10 articles involving 29,165 T2DM cases and 491,485 participants) and 0.70 (0.65–0.75) for the highest level of caffeine intake (6 articles involving 9,302 T2DM cases and 321,960 participants). The association of coffee, decaffeinated coffee and caffeine intake with T2DM incidence was stronger for women than that for men. A stronger association of coffee intake with T2DM incidence was found for non-smokers and subjects with body mass index <25 kg/m². Dose–response analysis suggested that incidence of T2DM decreased by 12 % 0.88 (0.86–0.90) for every 2 cups/day increment in coffee intake, 11 % 0.89 (0.82–0.98) for every 2 cups/day increment in decaffeinated coffee intake and 14 % 0.86 (0.82–0.91) for every 200 mg/day increment in caffeine intake. CONCLUSIONS: Coffee and caffeine intake might significantly reduce the incidence of T2DM.
The security of image steganography is an important basis for evaluating steganography algorithms. Steganography has recently made great progress in the long-term confrontation with steganalysis. To ...improve the security of image steganography, steganography must have the ability to resist detection by steganalysis algorithms. Traditional embedding-based steganography embeds the secret information into the content of an image, which unavoidably leaves a trace of the modification that can be detected by increasingly advanced machine-learning-based steganalysis algorithms. The concept of steganography without embedding (SWE), which does not need to modify the data of the carrier image, appeared to overcome the detection of machine-learning-based steganalysis algorithms. In this paper, we propose a novel image SWE method based on deep convolutional generative adversarial networks. We map the secret information into a noise vector and use the trained generator neural network model to generate the carrier image based on the noise vector. No modification or embedding operations are required during the process of image generation, and the information contained in the image can be extracted successfully by another neural network, called the extractor, after training. The experimental results show that this method has the advantages of highly accurate information extraction and a strong ability to resist detection by state-of-the-art image steganalysis algorithms.
Radiotherapy is one of the most important treatment methods of tumors. However, the application of radiotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is limited due to the low tolerance of normal liver ...cells for radiation and inherent radiation resistance in HCC. With the in-depth study of microRNAs (miRNAs) in tumor therapy, the regulation of tumor radiosensitivity by miRNAs has been a research hotspot in recent years. In the present study, the expression of miR-621 was lower in HCC tissues and cells, and such low expression of miR-621 was associated with poor prognosis in HCC patients. In addition, in vivo and in vitro assays confirmed that the high expression of miR-621 could significantly enhance the radiosensitivity of HCC. Moreover, the expressions of miR-621 and SETDB1 in HCC tissues were negatively correlated. Dual-luciferase reporter assays indicated that miR-621 could directly target the 3′ UTR of SETDB1. In addition, miR-621 enhanced the radiosensitivity of HCC cells via directly inhibiting SETDB1. Besides, the miR-621 and/or SETDB1 axis improved the radiosensitivity of HCC cells via activating the p53-signaling pathway. Taken together, miR-621 and/or SETDB1 might be used as a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of HCC.
The application of radiotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is limited due to the low tolerance of normal liver cells for radiation and inherent radiation resistance in HCC. Gu and colleagues found that the miR-621 and/or SETDB1 axis could improve the radiosensitivity of HCC cells via activating the p53-signaling pathway.
Dairy foods have been linked to Parkinson's disease (PD), and a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies on dairy foods intake and PD risk was conducted. Eligible studies were identified in a ...literature search of EMBASE and PubMed up to April 2014. Seven results from prospective studies were included, including 1,083 PD cases among 304,193 subjects. The combined risk of PD for highest vs. lowest level of dairy foods intake was 1.40 (1.20-1.63) overall, 1.66 (1.29-2.14) for men and 1.15 (0.85-1.56) for women. For highest vs. lowest level, the PD risk was 1.45 (1.23-1.73) for milk, 1.26 (0.99-1.60) for cheese, 0.95 (0.76-1.20) for yogurt and 0.76 (0.51-1.13) for butter. The linear dose-response relationship showed that PD risk increased by 17 % 1.17 (1.06-1.30) for every 200 g/day increment in milk intake (Pfor non-linearity = 0.22), and 13 % 1.13 (0.91-1.40) for every 10 g/day increment in cheese intake (P for non-linearity = 0.39). The absolute risk differences were estimated to be 2-4 PD cases per 100,000 person-years for every 200 g/day increment in milk intake, and 1-3 PD cases per 100,000 person-years for every 10 g/day increment in cheese intake. Dairy foods (milk, cheese) might be positively associated with increased risk of PD, especially for men.
This work explored a novel method for producing sheath core-wrap staple yarn on a modified ring spinning machine. The sheath core-wrap staple yarn is a new composite yarn whose core layer and sheath ...layer are both composed of staple fibers. In this paper, the conventional front roller on the ring spinning machine was replaced by a special-shaped roller, named a coaxial front roller of different diameters. In the spinning process, two colored cotton rovings were fed into the back roller. Then they are conveyed to the coaxial front roller of different diameters and output at different speeds. Finally, they were spun in a sheath core-wrap staple yarn under the twist effect. The covering effect and properties of sheath core-wrap staple yarn are the critical concerns in this article. Mathematical equations have been derived to calculate the ideal twist multiplier. It is most favorable for the core fiber to be covered at the ideal twist multiplier 408. The effects of the twist multiplier and core proportion on core exposure ratio and yarn properties (tensile properties, abrasion resistance, evenness, and hairiness) were investigated. The results showed that the core exposure ratio of all sheath core-wrap staple yarns were less than 2%, and the minimum core exposure ratio was obtained at the twist multiplier 400. The results also demonstrated that the tensile property, abrasion resistance, evenness, and hairiness improved with the increase of the twist multiplier and the core proportion. The proposed method provides new insight for researchers to fully understand the production process of sheath core-warp staple yarn and improve the yarn quality.
Exploring advanced electrocatalysts for the sluggish oxygen reduction reaction is extremely important for fuel cell commercialization but still remains a great challenge, especially the durability ...issue that gains increasing attention. Herein, we demonstrate an extremely durable catalyst prototype that combines structurally ordered intermetallic nanoparticles (NPs) with mesoporous carbon. With ZIF-8 derived mesoporous carbon supported Pt
3
Co intermetallic NPs (Pt
3
Co/DMC-F) as an example, we illustrate its synthetic details, electrocatalytic performance and durability enhancement mechanism. The Pt
3
Co/DMC-F catalyst exhibited significant enhancement in activity and durability. More importantly, its extraordinary performance was observed/verified in a H
2
/air PEM single cell test. The confinement of mesoporous carbon not only efficiently controls the particle size of Pt
3
Co and hampers their aggregation during thermal annealing and electrochemical reactions, but also significantly suppresses detachment. Beyond offering an advanced electrocatalyst, this study provides a solution to the durability issue of cathodes that has prevented practical application of proton exchange membrane fuel cells.
An effective strategy was demonstrated to develop a highly durable catalyst prototype that combines superfine Pt-based intermetallic nanoparticles with mesoporous carbon.
This study aimed to investigate the difference in pain relief between stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) and conventional radiation therapy (cRT) for patients with bone metastases.
Clinical ...trials and observational studies comparing SBRT versus cRT for bone metastases were retrieved. The main endpoint was pain relief after radiation therapy; the secondary endpoints were pain score change, local progression-free survival, reirradiation rate, and toxic events. When there was a significant heterogeneity, the random-effects model was applied. Otherwise, the fixed-effects model was used. Analyses of all included studies were performed first, followed by analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) only.
Six RCTs, 1 prospective cohort study, and 3 retrospective observational studies were enrolled. Between 2004 and 2019, 448 patients received SBRT, and 445 patients received cRT. All prospective studies defined the lesions as oligometastatic. Pooled results based on all included studies indicated that SBRT was generally associated with a higher overall relief rate (P < .001 at 3 months; P = .015 at 6 months) and complete relief rate (P = .029 at 1 month; P < .001 at 6 months). Pooled results based on RCTs indicated that at 3 and 6 months, SBRT was associated with a higher overall relief rate (P < .001 and P = .017, respectively) and complete relief rate (P < .001 and P < .00, respectively). Subgroup analyses indicated that in more cases, the analgesic advantage of SBRT was more obvious when spinal lesions were irradiated, when the difference in the mean biological effective dose (BED) was less, or when intensity modulated radiation therapy was used to deliver SBRT.
Excessive elevation of BED introduces the risk of diminishing the analgesic effect of SBRT. SBRT delivered using intensity modulated radiation therapy is preferred for pain relief in spinal oligometastases. More RCTs are required to determine the most appropriate BED or dose regimen for SBRT.
Abstract
Quantum many-body systems away from equilibrium host a rich variety of exotic phenomena that are forbidden by equilibrium thermodynamics. A prominent example is that of discrete time ...crystals
1–8
, in which time-translational symmetry is spontaneously broken in periodically driven systems. Pioneering experiments have observed signatures of time crystalline phases with trapped ions
9,10
, solid-state spin systems
11–15
, ultracold atoms
16,17
and superconducting qubits
18–20
. Here we report the observation of a distinct type of non-equilibrium state of matter, Floquet symmetry-protected topological phases, which are implemented through digital quantum simulation with an array of programmable superconducting qubits. We observe robust long-lived temporal correlations and subharmonic temporal response for the edge spins over up to 40 driving cycles using a circuit of depth exceeding 240 and acting on 26 qubits. We demonstrate that the subharmonic response is independent of the initial state, and experimentally map out a phase boundary between the Floquet symmetry-protected topological and thermal phases. Our results establish a versatile digital simulation approach to exploring exotic non-equilibrium phases of matter with current noisy intermediate-scale quantum processors
21
.
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