Given the democratic nature of open source development, code review and issue discussions may be uncivil. Incivility, defined as features of discussion that convey an unnecessarily disrespectful ...tone, can have negative consequences to open source communities. To prevent or minimize these negative consequences, open source platforms have included mechanisms for removing uncivil language from the discussions. However, such approaches require manual inspection, which can be overwhelming given the large number of discussions. To help open source communities deal with this problem, in this paper, we aim to compare six classical machine learning models with BERT to detect incivility in open source code review and issue discussions. Furthermore, we assess if adding contextual information in the previous email/comment improves the models’ performance and how well the models perform in a cross-platform setting. We found that BERT performs better than classical machine learning models, with a best F1-score of 0.95. Furthermore, classical machine learning models tend to underperform to detect tone-bearing and civil discussions. Our results show that adding the previous email/comment to BERT did not improve its performance and that none of the analyzed classifiers had an outstanding performance in a cross-platform setting. Finally, we provide insights into the tones that the classifiers misclassify and lessons learned for using automated techniques in incivility detection.
Editor’s note: Open Science material was validated by the Journal of Systems and Software Open Science Board.
•BERT detects incivility in both datasets with outstanding performance (F1 > 0.9).•Classical ML models underperform to classify non-tone-bearing and civil texts.•Adding the context does not improve the incivility classification.•In a cross-platform setting, all models perform well in non-tone-bearing text.•In a cross-platform setting, all models perform well in uncivil text.
A laboratory experiment visually exploring two opposite basic principles of fluorescence of aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) and aggregation-induced emission (AIE) is demonstrated. The students ...would prepared two salicylaldehyde-based Schiff bases through a simple one-pot condensation reaction of one equiv of 1,2-diamine with 2 equiv of salicylaldehyde. The resulting fluorescent dyes have similar chemical structures but possess ACQ and AIE properties, respectively. Their ACQ/AIE properties and pH sensing applications would then examined by visually qualitative analysis (UV lamp, light-emitting diode, and naked eye) and quantitative analysis (fluorometer). Finally, in a deeper level, X-ray single crystal structure analysis was utilized to reveal the inherent relationships between molecular structures/molecular arrangements and ACQ/AIE properties. This lesson is suitable for many areas of chemistry, especially for organic and analytical chemistry.
The heterogeneity of the tumour immune microenvironment (TIME), organized by various immune and stromal cells, is a major contributing factor of tumour metastasis, relapse and drug resistance
, but ...how different TIME subtypes are connected to the clinical relevance in liver cancer remains unclear. Here we performed single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis of 189 samples collected from 124 patients and 8 mice with liver cancer. With more than 1 million cells analysed, we stratified patients into five TIME subtypes, including immune activation, immune suppression mediated by myeloid or stromal cells, immune exclusion and immune residence phenotypes. Different TIME subtypes were spatially organized and associated with chemokine networks and genomic features. Notably, tumour-associated neutrophil (TAN) populations enriched in the myeloid-cell-enriched subtype were associated with an unfavourable prognosis. Through in vitro induction of TANs and ex vivo analyses of patient TANs, we showed that CCL4
TANs can recruit macrophages and that PD-L1
TANs can suppress T cell cytotoxicity. Furthermore, scRNA-seq analysis of mouse neutrophil subsets revealed that they are largely conserved with those of humans. In vivo neutrophil depletion in mouse models attenuated tumour progression, confirming the pro-tumour phenotypes of TANs. With this detailed cellular heterogeneity landscape of liver cancer, our study illustrates diverse TIME subtypes, highlights immunosuppressive functions of TANs and sheds light on potential immunotherapies targeting TANs.
A series of luminescent salicylaldehyde azines (SAs) containing different electron-accepting substituents (–NO 2 , –F, and –Cl), electron-donating substituents (–OMe and –NEt 2 ), and a π-extended ...system (naphthalene ring) are prepared for the application of fluorescent pH probes. These SAs inheriting the aggregation-induced emission (AIE) features display strong blue, green, and red fluorescence with large Stokes shifts in water and solid medium. Combining the advantages of AIE and the chemical reactivity of phenol towards OH − /H + , most of the SAs can be used as ratiometric fluorescent pH probes with a broad pH range (2–14) in water and solid medium (test paper). Moreover, the inherent relationship between their chemical structures and AIE properties/p K a values (7.5–13.3) is studied, which provides unequivocal insights into the design of AIE-active dyes and their applications.
Both photo-induced cis-trans-isomers of a maleonitrile-based Salen ligand can be used as pH probes covering a broad pH range through three different mechanisms but upon undergoing the formation of a ...stable complex and Cu(2+)-promoted hydrolysis, respectively, they exhibit totally different responses and mechanisms for sensing Cu(2+).
The growing adoption of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for tasks such as eCommerce, aerial surveillance, and environmental monitoring introduces the need for new safety mechanisms in an increasingly ...cluttered airspace. In our work we thus emphasize safety issues that emerge at the intersection of infrastructures responsible for controlling the airspace, and the diverse UAVs operating in their space. We build on safety assurance cases (SAC) - a state-of-the-art solution for reasoning about safety - and propose a novel approach based on interlocking SACs. The infrastructure safety case (ISAC) specifies assumptions upon UAV behavior, while each UAV demonstrates compliance to the ISAC by presenting its own (pluggable) safety case (pSAC) which connects to the ISAC through a set of interlock points. To collect information on each UAV we enforce a "trust but monitor" policy, supported by runtime monitoring and an underlying reputation model. We evaluate our approach in three ways: first by developing ISACs for two UAV infrastructures, second by running simulations to evaluate end-to-end effectiveness, and finally via an outdoor field-study with physical UAVs. The results show that interlocking SACs can be effective for identifying, specifying, and monitoring safety-related constraints upon UAVs flying in a controlled airspace.
Exploitation of NiCo2O4-based novel composite electrode materials with enhanced comprehensive properties is essential for high-performance supercapacitors. Herein, ultrathin NiCo2O4 nanosheets ...wrapped carbon nanoplates (NiCo2O4@CNPs) are fabricated by co-precipitation method and subsequent thermal annealing treatment. Characterization results indicate that 2D leaf-like NiCo2O4@CNPs is synthesized and NiCo2O4 nanosheets with thickness of 4 nm are tightly wrapped on CNPs. The NiCo2O4@CNPs is possessed of enhanced electrochemical properties in comparison to bare CNPs, bare NiCo2O4 and other NiCo2O4-based materials reported in literatures. The NiCo2O4@CNPs electrode shows higher specific capacitance (1265 F g−1 at 1 A g−1) and remarkable rate capability. Furthermore, the NiCo2O4@CNPs electrode has excellent cycling stability, and 97.3% of the initial specific capacitance still remains after 2000 cycles. Reasons for the enhanced electrochemical properties of NiCo2O4@CNPs were analyzed. In addition, the supercapacitor of NiCo2O4@CNPs//NiCo2O4@CNPs displays a high energy density of 32.4 Wh kg−1 at 435 W kg−1 and a high power density of 8676 W kg−1 at 14.4 Wh kg−1. The above results manifested that NiCo2O4@CNPs is an potential electrode material for fabricating high-performance supercapacitor.
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•NiCo2O4 nanosheets with thickness of 4 nm were tightly wrapped on CNPs.•NiCo2O4@CNPs showed excellent performances as electrode material for supercapacitor.•Supercapacitor of NiCo2O4@CNPs//NiCo2O4@CNPs showed high energy and power density.•Reasons for the enhanced electrochemical properties of NiCo2O4@CNPs were analyzed.
As Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) become more diffuse, developers and designers need to consider a growing diversity of users including people with disabilities and aging ...populations. As a result, computing education needs to respond by providing students opportunities to learn about accessibility and designing for inclusion. This article presents results of a qualitative research study of practices in teaching accessibility in university-level programs in the US. The study included interviews with 18 professors from some of the top universities in the US and a content analysis of syllabi and other teaching materials. Using the pedagogical theory of authentic learning and elements from the 21st Century Skills framework, we found that instructors emphasized the need for students to develop awareness and understanding for a diversity of ICT users through multiple different experiences; experiences that included research projects that directly involve users with disabilities, guest speakers, field trips, simulating disabilities, and the use of videos/movies. Additionally, instructors used multiple resources (e.g., research papers, online resources), in part, to offset the challenge that there is a perceived lack of a comprehensive textbook. Instructors also emphasized the importance of their individual initiative; that is, the inclusion of accessible topics or courses was often linked to a faculty member's research and/or personal commitment. This article contributes to a gap in the literature by disseminating and sharing different approaches to teaching accessibility across multiple instructors, courses, and campuses.
A series of new platinum(II) 5,15-bis(pentafluorophenyl)-10,20-bis(phenyl)porphyrin–9,9-dioctylfluorene copolymers, in which the relative intensities of the blue fluorescence and red phosphorescence ...can be easily tuned by the initial feed ratio of the two monomers or energy transfer between the fluorescent and phosphorescent units, have been designed and prepared for the application in ratiometric dual emissive oxygen sensing. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of a ratiometric oxygen sensor based on dual fluorescent/phosphorescent polymers or copolymers containing transition-metal complexes. It also provides an alternative and easy way to achieve dual emissive oxygen sensing.
We report a class of multiresponsive colorimetric and fluorescent pH probes based on three different reaction mechanisms including cation exchange, protonation, and hydrolysis reaction of K(I), ...Ca(II), Zn(II), Cu(II), Al(III), and Pd(II) Salen complexes. Compared with traditional pure organic pH probes, these complex-based pH probes exhibited a much better selectivity due to the shielding function of the filled-in metal ion in the complex. Their pH sensing performances were affected by the ligand structure and the central metal ion. This work is the first report of “off–on–on′–off” colorimetric and fluorescent pH probes that possess three different reaction mechanisms and should inspire the design of multiple-responsive probes for important analytes in biological systems.
