Occupied America chronicles the everyday experience of ordinary people living under military occupation during the American Revolution. In Occupied America, Donald F. Johnson chronicles the everyday ...experience of ordinary people living under military occupation during the American Revolution. Focusing on day-to- day life in port cities held by the British Army, Johnson recounts how men and women from a variety of backgrounds navigated harsh conditions, mitigated threats to their families and livelihoods, took advantage of new opportunities, and balanced precariously between revolutionary and royal attempts to secure their allegiance.Between 1775 and 1783, every large port city along the Eastern seaboard fell under British rule at one time or another. As centers of population and commerce, these cities—Boston, New York, Newport, Philadelphia, Savannah, Charleston—should have been bastions from which the empire could restore order and inspire loyalty. Military rule's exceptional social atmosphere initially did provide opportunities for many people—especially women and the enslaved, but also free men both rich and poor—to reinvent their lives, and while these opportunities came with risks, the hope of social betterment inspired thousands to embrace military rule. Nevertheless, as Johnson demonstrates, occupation failed to bring about a restoration of imperial authority, as harsh material circumstances forced even the most loyal subjects to turn to illicit means to feed and shelter themselves, while many maintained ties to rebel camps for the same reasons. As occupations dragged on, most residents no longer viewed restored royal rule as a viable option.As Johnson argues, the experiences of these citizens reveal that the process of political change during the Revolution occurred not in a single instant but gradually, over the course of years of hardship under military rule that forced Americans to grapple with their allegiance in intensely personal and highly contingent ways. Thus, according to Johnson, the quotidian experience of military occupation directly affected the outcome of the American Revolution.
Atopic dermatitis (AD) affects 15% to 25% of children and 4% to 7% of adults. Paradigm-shifting discoveries about AD have been based on adult biomarkers, reflecting decades of disease activity, ...although 85% of cases begin by 5 years. Blood phenotyping shows only TH2 skewing in patients with early-onset pediatric AD, but alterations in early pediatric skin lesions are unknown, limiting advancement of targeted therapies.
We sought to characterize the early pediatric AD skin phenotype and its differences from pediatric control subjects and adults with AD.
Using immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time PCR, we assessed biopsy specimens from 19 children with AD younger than 5 years within 6 months of disease onset in comparison with adults with AD or psoriasis and pediatric and adult control subjects.
In lesional skin children showed comparable or greater epidermal hyperplasia (thickness and keratin 16) and cellular infiltration (CD3+, CD11c+, and FcεRI+) than adults with AD. Similar to adults, strong activation of the TH2 (IL-13, IL-31, and CCL17) and TH22 (IL-22 and S100As) axes and some TH1 skewing (IFN-γ and CXCL10) were present. Children showed significantly higher induction of TH17-related cytokines and antimicrobials (IL-17A, IL-19, CCL20, LL37, and peptidase inhibitor 3/elafin), TH9/IL-9, IL-33, and innate markers (IL-8) than adults (P < .02). Despite the characteristic downregulation in adult patients with AD, filaggrin expression was similar in children with AD and healthy children. Nonlesional skin in pediatric patients with AD showed higher levels of inflammation (particularly IL-17A and the related molecules IL-19 and LL37) and epidermal proliferation (keratin 16 and S100As) markers (P < .001).
The skin phenotype of new-onset pediatric AD is substantially different from that of adult AD. Although excess TH2 activation characterizes both, TH9 and TH17 are highly activated at disease initiation. Increases in IL-19 levels might link TH2 and TH17 activation.
Abstract Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a new technology focused on enhancing the healing response after injury of different tissue types. PRP is prepared by withdrawal of patients' peripheral blood ...and centrifugation to obtain a highly concentrated sample of platelets, which undergo degranulation to release growth factors with healing properties. It also contains plasma, cytokines, thrombin, and other growth factors that are implicated in wound healing and have inherent biological and adhesive properties. The prepared concentrate is then injected back into the patient at the site of morbidity. This may be intralesional, intra-articular, or surrounding the involved tissue bed. PRP preparations have been used therapeutically in various medical fields from implantology to vascular ulcers, with a more recent evolution and promising results in the field of sports medicine and arthroscopy. Sports medicine patients desire a rapid return to their preinjury level of function, and PRP may have certain applications that will speed recovery in cases of tendon, ligament, muscle, and cartilage disorders. In particular, anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction has shown better autograft maturation, improved donor site morbidity, and pain control, in addition to improved allograft incorporation. By acceleration of the biological integration of the graft by use of PRP, patients may undergo faster, more intensive rehabilitation programs and return to sports more rapidly. Because of its autogenous origin, easy preparation, and excellent safety profile, the advent of PRP has opened another therapeutic door for sports medicine physicians and orthopaedic surgeons. Future directions of PRP include improving the results of arthroscopic and related surgery, in addition to delineating correct dosage, timing, and quantification, as well as ideal techniques of PRP application.
Research was done during 2012 to evaluate the potential exposure of pollinators to neonicotinoid insecticides used as seed treatments on corn, cotton, and soybean. Samples were collected from small ...plot evaluations of seed treatments and from commercial fields in agricultural production areas in Arkansas, Mississippi, and Tennessee. In total, 560 samples were analyzed for concentrations of clothianidin, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, and their metabolites. These included pollen from corn and cotton, nectar from cotton, flowers from soybean, honey bees, Apis mellifera L., and pollen carried by foragers returning to hives, preplanting and in-season soil samples, and wild flowers adjacent to recently planted fields. Neonicotinoid insecticides were detected at a level of 1 ng/g or above in 23% of wild flower samples around recently planted fields, with an average detection level of about 10 ng/g. We detected neonicotinoid insecticides in the soil of production fields prior to planting at an average concentration of about 10 ng/g, and over 80% of the samples having some insecticide present. Only 5% of foraging honey bees tested positive for the presence of neonicotinoid insecticides, and there was only one trace detection (< 1 ng/g) in pollen being carried by those bees. Soybean flowers, cotton pollen, and cotton nectar contained little or no neonicotinoids resulting from insecticide seed treatments. Average levels of neonicotinoid insecticides in corn pollen ranged from less than 1 to 6 ng/g. The highest neonicotinoid concentrations were found in soil collected during early flowering from insecticide seed treatment trials. However, these levels were generally not well correlated with neonicotinoid concentrations in flowers, pollen, or nectar. Concentrations in flowering structures were well below defined levels of concern thought to cause acute mortality in honey bees. The potential implications of our findings are discussed.
There is a feeling among knee surgeons that operating on an acute anterior cruciate ligament injury will increase the incidence of arthrofibrosis. A recent systematic review and meta-analysis of 7 ...recent articles compared early versus delayed anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. The conclusions were that the clinical and stability results were comparable in both groups.
Ambiguous Allegiances Johnson, Donald F.
The Journal of American history (Bloomington, Ind.),
12/2017, Letnik:
104, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Johnson indicates that for most people living in British North America, allegiances during the Revolutionary War were fluid, contingent, and often contradictory. As with violent revolutions that ...occurred in other times and places, women and men chose sides for a variety of personal and ideological reasons, and often changed their loyalties, sometimes multiple times, as circumstances shifted. Nowhere are the complex processes by which people established and changed allegiances more evident than in American port cities occupied by the British army. Reacting to the harsh conditions and new opportunities under military rule, men and women living in occupied towns developed distinctly flexible loyalties, frustrating British leaders who hoped to secure their adherence. Ultimately, these ambiguous allegiances undermined the varying concepts of loyalism that civilians and officers attempted to use as an organizing principle for restoring imperial rule.
Although the organizing principle of virtually every world history text is "development", the editor of this volume maintains that this traditional approach fails to address the issue of ...sustainability. By adopting the ecological process as their major theme, the authors show how the process of human interaction with the natural environment unfolded in the past, and offer perspective on the ecological crises in our world at the beginning of the 21st century. Topics range from broad regional studies that examine important aspects of the global environment that affect nations, to a study of the widespread influence of one important individual on his nation and beyond. The authors take different approaches, but all share the conviction that world history must take ecological process seriously, and they all recognize the ways in which the living and non-living systems of the earth have influenced the course of human affairs.
Occupied America chronicles the everyday
experience of ordinary people living under military occupation
during the American Revolution.
In Occupied America , Donald F. Johnson chronicles the
everyday ...experience of ordinary people living under military
occupation during the American Revolution. Focusing on day-to-day
life in port cities held by the British Army, Johnson recounts how
men and women from a variety of backgrounds navigated harsh
conditions, mitigated threats to their families and livelihoods,
took advantage of new opportunities, and balanced precariously
between revolutionary and royal attempts to secure their
allegiance.
Between 1775 and 1783, every large port city along the Eastern
seaboard fell under British rule at one time or another. As centers
of population and commerce, these cities-Boston, New York, Newport,
Philadelphia, Savannah, Charleston-should have been bastions from
which the empire could restore order and inspire loyalty. Military
rule's exceptional social atmosphere initially did provide
opportunities for many people-especially women and the enslaved,
but also free men both rich and poor-to reinvent their lives, and
while these opportunities came with risks, the hope of social
betterment inspired thousands to embrace military rule.
Nevertheless, as Johnson demonstrates, occupation failed to bring
about a restoration of imperial authority, as harsh material
circumstances forced even the most loyal subjects to turn to
illicit means to feed and shelter themselves, while many maintained
ties to rebel camps for the same reasons. As occupations dragged
on, most residents no longer viewed restored royal rule as a viable
option.
As Johnson argues, the experiences of these citizens reveal that
the process of political change during the Revolution occurred not
in a single instant but gradually, over the course of years of
hardship under military rule that forced Americans to grapple with
their allegiance in intensely personal and highly contingent ways.
Thus, according to Johnson, the quotidian experience of military
occupation directly affected the outcome of the American
Revolution.
BACKGROUND:There is a paucity of articles in the surgical literature demonstrating transfer validity (transfer of training). The purpose of this study was to assess whether skills learned on the ...ArthroSim virtual-reality arthroscopic knee simulator transferred to greater skill levels in the operating room.
METHODS:Postgraduate year-3 orthopaedic residents were randomized into simulator-trained and control groups at seven academic institutions. The experimental group trained on the simulator, performing a knee diagnostic arthroscopy procedure to a predetermined proficiency level based on the average proficiency of five community-based orthopaedic surgeons performing the same procedure on the simulator. The residents in the control group continued their institution-specific orthopaedic education and training. Both groups then performed a diagnostic knee arthroscopy procedure on a live patient. Video recordings of the arthroscopic surgery were analyzed by five pairs of expert arthroscopic surgeons blinded to the identity of the residents. A proprietary global rating scale and a procedural checklist, which included visualization and probing scales, were used for rating.
RESULTS:Forty-eight (89%) of the fifty-four postgraduate year-3 residents from seven academic institutions completed the study. The simulator-trained group averaged eleven hours of training on the simulator to reach proficiency. The simulator-trained group performed significantly better when rated according to our procedural checklist (p = 0.031), including probing skills (p = 0.016) but not visualization skills (p = 0.34), compared with the control group. The procedural checklist weighted probing skills double the weight of visualization skills. The global rating scale failed to reach significance (p = 0.061) because of one extreme outlier. The duration of the procedure was not significant. This lack of a significant difference seemed to be related to the fact that residents in the control group were less thorough, which shortened their time to completion of the arthroscopic procedure.
CONCLUSIONS:We have demonstrated transfer validity (transfer of training) that residents trained to proficiency on a high-fidelity realistic virtual-reality arthroscopic knee simulator showed a greater skill level in the operating room compared with the control group.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE:We believe that the results of our study will stimulate residency program directors to incorporate surgical simulation into the core curriculum of their residency programs.
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