Duality defects in E 8 Ivan M. Burbano; Justin Kulp; Jonas Neuser
The journal of high energy physics,
10/2022, Letnik:
2022, Številka:
10
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Abstract We classify all non-invertible Kramers-Wannier duality defects in the E 8 lattice Vertex Operator Algebra (i.e. the chiral (E 8)1 WZW model) coming from ℤ m symmetries. We illustrate how ...these defects are systematically obtainable as ℤ2 twists of invariant sub-VOAs, compute defect partition functions for small m, and verify our results against other techniques. Throughout, we focus on taking a physical perspective and highlight the important moving pieces involved in the calculations. Kac’s theorem for finite automorphisms of Lie algebras and contemporary results on holomorphic VOAs play a role. We also provide a perspective from the point of view of (2+1)d Topological Field Theory and provide a rigorous proof that all corresponding Tambara-Yamagami actions on holomorphic VOAs can be obtained in this manner. We include a list of directions for future studies.
Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is an essential pillar in the therapy of heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) presenting with broad left bundle branch block (LBBB) or ...pacemaker dependency. To achieve beneficial effects, CRT requires high bi-ventricular (BiV) pacing rates. Therefore, device-manufacturers designed pacing algorithms which maintain high BiV pacing rates by a left ventricular (LV) pacing stimulus immediately following a right ventricular sensed beat. However, data on clinical impact of these algorithms are sparse. We studied 17 patients implanted with a CRT device providing triggered left ventricular pacing (tLVp) in case of atrioventricular nodal conduction. Assessment of LV dyssynchrony was performed using echocardiographic and electrocardiographic examination while CRT-devices were set to three different settings: 1. Optimized bi-ventricular-stimulation (BiV); 2. Physiological AV nodal conduction (tLVp-off); 3. Physiological AV nodal conduction and tLVp-algorithm turned on (tLVp-on). QRS duration increased when the CRT-device was set to tLVp-off compared to BiV-Stim, while QRS duration was comparable to BiV-Stim with the tLVp-on setting. Echocardiographic analysis revealed higher dyssynchrony during tLVp-off compared to BiV-Stim. TLVp-on did not improve LV dyssynchrony compared to tLVp-off. QRS duration significantly decreased using tLVp-algorithms compared to physiological AV nodal conduction. However, echocardiographic examination could not show functional benefit from tLVp-algorithms, suggesting that these algorithms are inferior to regular biventricular pacing regarding cardiac resynchronization. Therefore, medical treatment and ablation procedures should be preferred, when biventricular pacing rates have to be increased. TLVp-algorithms can be used in addition to these treatment options.
Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is an essential pillar in the therapy of heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) presenting with broad left bundle branch block (LBBB) or ...pacemaker dependency. To achieve beneficial effects, CRT requires high bi-ventricular (BiV) pacing rates. Therefore, device-manufacturers designed pacing algorithms which maintain high BiV pacing rates by a left ventricular (LV) pacing stimulus immediately following a right ventricular sensed beat. However, data on clinical impact of these algorithms are sparse. We studied 17 patients implanted with a CRT device providing triggered left ventricular pacing (tLVp) in case of atrioventricular nodal conduction. Assessment of LV dyssynchrony was performed using echocardiographic and electrocardiographic examination while CRT-devices were set to three different settings: 1. Optimized bi-ventricular-stimulation (BiV); 2. Physiological AV nodal conduction (tLVp-off); 3. Physiological AV nodal conduction and tLVp-algorithm turned on (tLVp-on). QRS duration increased when the CRT-device was set to tLVp-off compared to BiV-Stim, while QRS duration was comparable to BiV-Stim with the tLVp-on setting. Echocardiographic analysis revealed higher dyssynchrony during tLVp-off compared to BiV-Stim. TLVp-on did not improve LV dyssynchrony compared to tLVp-off. QRS duration significantly decreased using tLVp-algorithms compared to physiological AV nodal conduction. However, echocardiographic examination could not show functional benefit from tLVp-algorithms, suggesting that these algorithms are inferior to regular biventricular pacing regarding cardiac resynchronization. Therefore, medical treatment and ablation procedures should be preferred, when biventricular pacing rates have to be increased. TLVp-algorithms can be used in addition to these treatment options.
Immature neutrophils and HLA-DR
neg/low
monocytes expand in cancer, autoimmune diseases and viral infections, but their appearance and immunoregulatory effects on T-cells after acute myocardial ...infarction (AMI) remain underexplored. We found an expansion of circulating immature CD16
+
CD66b
+
CD10
neg
neutrophils and CD14
+
HLA-DR
neg/low
monocytes in AMI patients, correlating with cardiac damage, function and levels of immune-inflammation markers. Immature CD10
neg
neutrophils expressed high amounts of MMP-9 and S100A9, and displayed resistance to apoptosis. Moreover, we found that increased frequency of CD10
neg
neutrophils and elevated circulating IFN-γ levels were linked, mainly in patients with expanded CD4
+
CD28
null
T-cells. Notably, the expansion of circulating CD4
+
CD28
null
T-cells was associated with cytomegalovirus (CMV) seropositivity. Using bioinformatic tools, we identified a tight relationship among the peripheral expansion of immature CD10
neg
neutrophils, CMV IgG titers, and circulating levels of IFN-γ and IL-12 in patients with AMI. At a mechanistic level, CD10
neg
neutrophils enhanced IFN-γ production by CD4
+
T-cells through a contact-independent mechanism involving IL-12. In vitro experiments also highlighted that HLA-DR
neg/low
monocytes do not suppress T-cell proliferation but secrete high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines after differentiation to macrophages and IFN-γ stimulation. Lastly, using a mouse model of AMI, we showed that immature neutrophils (CD11b
pos
Ly6G
pos
CD101
neg
cells) are recruited to the injured myocardium and migrate to mediastinal lymph nodes shortly after reperfusion. In conclusion, immunoregulatory functions of CD10
neg
neutrophils play a dynamic role in mechanisms linking myeloid cell compartment dysregulation, Th1-type immune responses and inflammation after AMI.
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is the method of choice for patients with severe aortic valve stenosis, who are ineligible or at high risk for surgery. Though TAVR leads to a ...significant reduction in mortality, a notable amount of patients are re-hospitalized early after TAVR. Parameters or biomarkers predicting outcome are therefore needed to identify patients who benefit most. Specific monocyte subsets have been associated with cardiovascular diseases and were shown to possess prognostic value.
Peripheral blood was drawn before and after transfemoral TAVR with the self-expanding CoreValve, Boston Lotus or the balloon-expanding Edwards Sapien prosthesis. Classical (CD14++CD16-), intermediate (CD14++CD16+) and non-classical (CD14+CD16++) monocyte subsets were determined by flow cytometry. Transthoracic echocardiography was performed before, early after as well as 3 months after the TAVR procedure.
No significant differences in the absolute monocyte counts were found after TAVR. A significant decline in the intermediate monocyte population was though observed early after TAVR (pre 4.01±0.38%, post 2.803±0.34%, p≤0.05). Creatinine levels stayed stable after TAVR procedure and intermediate monocytes were associated with worse renal function. Monocyte decline was not related to changes in CRP-, noradrenaline, cortisol or aldosterone-levels. The amount of intermediate monocytes correlated with worse cardiac function and predicted the possibility to reach an improvement in NYHA functional class at 3 months after TAVR.
A significant decline of intermediate monocytes occurs shortly after TAVR. High levels of intermediate monocytes were associated with worse cardiac function and predicted poor functional capacity, hinting at a possible prognostic value.
Platelet activation associated with endothelial dysfunction and impaired endogenous platelet inhibition is part of the cardiovascular phenotype of congestive heart failure (CHF) and contributes to ...the increased risk for thromboembolic complications. Pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) has been shown to release nitric oxide without development of nitrate tolerance. We investigated the effect of chronic PETN treatment on platelet activation and aggregation in an experimental CHF model.
Chronic ischemic heart failure was induced in male Wistar rats by coronary artery ligation. Starting 7 days thereafter, rats were randomised to placebo or PETN (80 mg/kg twice daily). After 9 weeks, activation of circulating platelets was determined measuring platelet bound fibrinogen, which requires activated glycoprotein IIb/IIIa on the platelet surface. Binding was quantified by flow-cytometry using a FITC-labelled anti-fibrinogen antibody. Platelet-bound fibrinogen was significantly increased in CHF-Placebo (mean fluorescence intensity: Sham 88±4, CHF-Placebo 104±6, p<0.05) and reduced following treatment with PETN (89±7, p<0.05 vs. CHF-Placebo). Maximal and final ADP-induced aggregation was significantly enhanced in CHF-Placebo vs. Sham-operated animals and normalized / decreased following chronic PETN treatment. Moreover, platelet adhesion was significantly reduced (number of adherent platelets: control: 85.6±5.5, PETN: 40±3.3; p<0.001) and VASP phosphorylation significantly enhanced following in vitro PETN treatment.
Chronic NO supplementation using PETN reduces platelet activation in CHF rats. Thus, PETN may constitute a useful approach to prevent thromboembolic complications in CHF.
Percutaneous mitral valve edge-to-edge procedure (PMVR) using the MitraClip
system (Abbot Vascular, CA) is an established therapy for severe mitral regurgitation (MR) in patients judged inoperable or ...at high surgical risk. Besides determining exercise capacity, right ventricular (RV) function has prognostic value in heart failure and after cardiac surgery. We therefore investigated the impact of PMVR on RV function in patients with severe MR.
Sixty-three patients undergoing PMVR at our department were prospectively enrolled. Transthoracic echocardiography was performed before, early (2-12d) after PMVR and after 3 months, including advanced echocardiographic analyses such as 3D imaging and strain analyses. At baseline, all patients presented with advanced heart failure symptoms. Etiology of MR was more often secondary and, if present, left ventricular (LV) dysfunction was predominantly caused by ischemic cardiomyopathy. PMVR substantially reduced MR to a grade ≤ 2 in most patients. Echocardiographic assessment revealed a largely unchanged LV systolic function early after PMVR, while in contrast RV function substantially improved after PMVR 3D RV EF (%): pre 33.7% 27.4; 39.6, post 40.0% 34.5; 46.0 (
< 0.01 vs. pre), 3 months 42.8% 38.3; 48.1 (
< 0.01 vs. pre); 2D RV GLS (%): pre -12.9% -14.5; -10.5, post -16.0% -17.9; -12.6 (
< 0.01 vs. pre), 3 months -17.2% -21.7; -14.9 (
< 0.01 vs. pre). Factors that attenuated RV improvement were larger ventricular volumes, lower LV function, secondary MR, and a higher STS score (all
< 0.05).
By using advanced echocardiographic parameters, we discovered an early improvement of RV function after PMVR that is preserved for months, independent from changes in LV function. Improvement of RV function was less pronounced in patients presenting with an advanced stage of heart failure and a higher burden of comorbidities reflected by the STS score.
Echocardiographic parameters representing impaired left atrial (LA) function and remodeling are of high value to predict atrial fibrillation (AF). This study aimed to develop a prediction model for ...AF easily to apply in clinical routine containing echocardiographic parameters associated with LA remodeling and-function.
This monocentric, semi-blinded, controlled analysis included 235 patients to derive a prediction model. This prediction model was tested in a validation cohort encompassing 290 cardiovascular inpatients. The derivation and validation cohort included 54 (23%) and 66 (23%) patients with AF, respectively. Transthoracic echocardiography, comprising parameters indicating left atrial remodeling septal/lateral total atrial conduction time (s/l PA-TDI) and left atrial volume indexed to a' (LAVI/a') was performed in each patient. Based on multivariable regressions analysis, four variables were enclosed into the EAHsy (Echocardiography, Age, Hypertension)-AF risk score for AF prediction: Hypertension, Age, LAVI/a' and septal PA-TDI. In the validation cohort discrimination was strong (C-statistic 0.987, 95%CI 0.974-0.991) with an adequately performed calibration. The EAHsy-AF risk score was associated with a more precise prediction of AF in comparison to commonly used AF-scores (CHADS
-, ATLAS-, ARIC-, CHARGE-AF score).
The EAHsy-AF-Score containing age, hypertension and echocardiographic parameters of atrial dysfunction and remodeling precisely predicts the incidence of AF in a general population of patients with cardiovascular disease. The EAHsy-AF risk score may enable more selective rhythm monitoring in specific patients at high risk for AF.
Duality defects in E8 Burbano, Ivan M.; Kulp, Justin; Neuser, Jonas
The journal of high energy physics,
28/10, Letnik:
2022, Številka:
10
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
A
bstract
We classify all non-invertible Kramers-Wannier duality defects in the
E
8
lattice Vertex Operator Algebra (i.e. the chiral (
E
8
)
1
WZW model) coming from ℤ
m
symmetries. We illustrate how ...these defects are systematically obtainable as ℤ
2
twists of invariant sub-VOAs, compute defect partition functions for small
m
, and verify our results against other techniques. Throughout, we focus on taking a physical perspective and highlight the important moving pieces involved in the calculations. Kac’s theorem for finite automorphisms of Lie algebras and contemporary results on holomorphic VOAs play a role. We also provide a perspective from the point of view of (2+1)d Topological Field Theory and provide a rigorous proof that all corresponding Tambara-Yamagami actions on holomorphic VOAs can be obtained in this manner. We include a list of directions for future studies.
PDF
