There are numerous soybean
Glycine max
(L.) Merr. breeding programs in Europe focused on development of elite non genetically modified (GM) cultivars for fast growing market of GM-free proteins for ...animal feed. Due to low variability of visual descriptors and mostly unknown pedigrees, divergent parents’ selection for crosses is a great challenge. Another challenge is cultivar distinction and protection of plant breeders’ rights of ever-increasing number of cultivars. By using 42 microsatellite (SSR) markers, we performed characterization of 97 commercial soybean cultivars and experimental lines developed at various research and breeding institutions in Europe (86) and in North and South America (11) in order to assess their genotype distinction power as well as utility for estimating genetic diversity and genetic structure. A set of 27 most polymorphic SSR markers was sufficient to discriminate all 97 genotypes. Discrimination of, by pedigree very related cultivars, was somewhat difficult due to the low polymorphism but still possible. Cluster analysis showed that European germplasm is mainly distributed into clusters reflecting breeding programs and maturity groups. Performed genetic characterization provides an insight into genetic structure of European soybean germplasm and might serve as a starting point for future breeding decisions. Disclosed SSR data of the analyzed commercial European germplasm can serve for genetic fingerprinting purpose as well as for foundation of public soybean cultivar database.
Development of new cultivars and agronomic improvements are key factors of increasing in future grain yield in maize grown in environments affected by climate change. Assessment of value for ...cultivation and use (VCU) reflects the results of latest breeding efforts showing yield trends, whereby external environmental covariates were rarely used. This study aimed to analyze several environmental effects including stress degree days (SDD) on grain yields in Croatian VCU trials in three maturity groups using linear mixed model for the estimation of fixed and random effects. Best linear unbiased predictions (BLUPs) of location-year interaction showed no pattern among maturity groups. SDD showed mostly non-significant coefficients of regression on location BLUPs for yield. Analyzing location BLUPs, it was shown that the effect became consistently stronger with later maturity, either positive or negative. The effects of management might play more critical role in maize phenology and yield formation compared with climate change, at least in suboptimum growing conditions often found in Southeast Europe. To facilitate more robust predictions of the crop improvement, the traditional forked approach dealing with G × E by breeders and E × M by agronomists should be integrated to G × E × M framework, to assess the full gradient of combinations forming the adaptation landscape.
Global climate changes have caused a significant weather oscillation. The objectives of this study were to determine the influence of weather conditions on the association of soybean seed yield and ...yield components, to find out the magnitude and effect of each component and their reaction to environmental stress. Seventy-four soybean varieties from nine geographical origins were studied during two seasons (2015 with less rainfall and increased temperatures and 2016 with increased humidity and moderate temperatures) at the Croatian Centre for Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs in Osijek, Croatia. Correlation and path analysis were used to examine the association of the studied traits. The variance analysis revealed significant (P<0.01) effect of genotype, year and their interactions on all examined traits. During both seasons the seed yield was in significant and positive correlation with seed number per plant, pods number per plant, seed number per pod and 1,000-seed weight. All the traits mentioned had a stronger correlation with the yield in the dry 2015 compared to the year 2016. The seed number per plant had the highest correlation coefficients and a high and positive direct effect on seed yield in both years. Therefore, the selection of high yielding genotypes based on this trait can be done directly regardless of the variable weather conditions. The hierarchical clustering of varieties resulted in eight clusters in both years, confirming high genetic variability of the examined varieties. In 2016 one cluster that mainly consisted of varieties typical for the breeding programs of this region was singled out.
Organizacija za ekonomsku suradnju i razvoj (OECD Seed Schemes) međunarodna je organizacija sa sjedištem u Parizu koja regulira promet sjemena na međunarodnom tržištu. OECD Poljoprivredni kodovi i ...sheme otvoreni su za sve članice ali i za ostale države koje nisu članice OECD-a odnosno za države koje su članice Ujedinjenih naroda ili Svjetske trgovinske organizacije. Republika Hrvatska prepoznala je prednosti članstva stoga je domaći sektor sjemenarstva uspio plasirati sjeme koje je poznato po visokoj kakvoći na zahtjevna međunarodna tržišta. Članstvom u OECD Seed Schemes Centar za sjemenarstvo i rasadničarstvo Hrvatske agencije za poljoprivredu i hranu od 1998. godine preuzeo je brigu oko nadzora sjemenske proizvodnje, pred i post kontrole i izdavanja certifikata za sjeme. Ova važna organizacija propisala je službene procedure, metode i tehnike tijekom umnažanja sjemena kako bi se održao identitet i genetska čistoća genotipova. OECD certifikat jamči kupcu određenu kvalitetu sjemena, a Republika Hrvatska je ovim sustavom certificiranja ostvarila suficit u korist izvoza sjemena.
The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Seed Schemes is an international organization based in Paris that regulates seed trade on the international market. OECD Agricultural Codes and Schemes are open to all members, but also to other countries that are not members of the OECD or for countries that are members of the United Nations or the World Trade Organization. The Republic of Croatia has recognized the advantages of membership, which enables the domestic seed sector to market seeds known for their high quality on demanding international markets. By becoming a member of the OECD Seed Schemes Center for Seed and seedlings of the Croatian Agency for Agriculture and Food has taken over the supervision of seed production, pre-control and post-control and issuing of seed certificates since 1998. This important organization has prescribed official procedures, methods and techniques during seed propagation to maintain the identity and genetic purity of genotypes. The OECD certificate guarantees the customer a certain seed quality and the Republic of Croatia achieved sufficiency with this certification system in favor of seed export.
The aim of the research was to compare the productivity and quality of several forage grasses in the climate conditions of south-eastern Europe. The research was conducted during 2012 and 2013, in ...the south-western part of the Pannonian basin (vicinity of Osijek, Croatia). The experiment included 5 grass species: Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata), hybrid ryegrass (Lolium x boucheanum), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and timothy (Phleum pratense) cut three times per year, i.e. 6 cuttings in total for two years. The results have shown that there were significant statistical differences for all investigated traits between the species, years and their interaction at the P˂0.05 levels. In average, the highest dry matter yield was achieved during the first year of using (10.4 and 9.1 t*ha-1). In average two years of using, the highest yields of dry matter had Italian ryegrass and cocksfoot. Quality results showed that the cocksfoot was the least digestible because it contained over 700 g*kg-1 of NDF and 450 g*kg-1 of ADF, unlike the perennial ryegrass which had 559 and 327 g*kg-1 of NDF and ADF. The final results showed the productivity per hectare where the most energy-producing species of Italian ryegrass with the possible production of 19,739 liters of milk with 4% milk fat. On the base protein productivity, the most prominent was the cocksfoot which could produce 11,878 liters of milk from 713 kg proteins in one year. The results show that none of the tested grasses had a balanced relationship between protein and energy.
Tijekom 2017. i 2018. godine provedena su poljska istraživanja o utjecaju genotipa, godine, lokacije te interakcija na prinos, udio ulja i proteina u soji. U pokus je uvršteno dvadeset ...najzastupljenijih genotipova soje koji u strukturi sjetve zauzimaju 75% sjetvenih površina. Pokus je postavljen na lokacijama Osijek i Kutjevo u dva ponavljanja po slučajnom blok-rasporedu. U 2018. godini ostvaren je prosječno veći prinos zrna, udio ulja i proteina prvenstveno zbog pravilnog rasporeda oborina. Lokacija Osijek u svim godinama istraživanja imala je prosječno veće prinose zrna, udio ulja i proteina. Prema dobivenim rezultatima analize varijance za genotip, interakciju genotipa x lokacija i genotip x godina dobivene su statistički visoko opravdane razlike (P<0,01) za prinos zrna. Za genotip i interakciju genotip x godina dobivene su statistički opravdane razlike (P<0,05) za udio ulja i proteina. Dobiveni rezultati istraživanja doprinijet će pravilnom izboru genotipova ovisno o namjeni proizvodnje kako bi se iskoristio genetski potencijal genotipa koji je najpogodniji za određenu lokaciju.
Vlada Republike Hrvatske 1998. godine osnovala Zavod (danas Centar) za sjemenarstvo i rasadničarstvo kao nacionalno ovlašteno tijelo za monitoring i provođenje svih poslova iz područja sjemenarstva i ...rasadničarstva. Područje nadzora sjemenske proizvodnje i izdavanje certifikata provodi se prema Zakonu u sjemenu, sadnom materijalu i priznavanju sorti poljoprivrednog bilja (NN 110/21) i prema 11 marketinških Pravilnika (Pravilnici o stavljanju sjemena na tržište sjemena za pojedine grupe bilja ili biljne vrste). U radu će se dati prikaz 25 godina rada nacionalnog ovlaštenog tijela u području nadzora sjemenske proizvodnje i izdavanja certifikata.
The Government of the Republic of Croatia in 1998. established the Institute (today's Center) for seed and seedlings as a national designated autority for monitoring and carrying out all work in the field of seed and seedling production. The area of field inspection and issuing of seed certificates is carried out according to the Law on seeds, planting material and recognition of varieties of agricultural plants (NN 110/21) and according to 11 marketing regulations (Regulations on placing seeds on the seed market for certain groups of plants or plant species). The paper will present an account of 25 years of work of the national designated autority in the field of monitoring seed production and issuing certificates.
Prema uzoru na razvijene Europske zemlje Vlada Republike Hrvatske 1998. godine osniva Zavod (danas Centar) za sjemenarstvo i rasadničarstvo kao nacionalno ovlašteno tijelo za provođenje svih poslova ...iz područja sjemenarstva i rasadničarstva. Područje priznavanja i zaštite sorti poljoprivrednog bilja provodi se prema Zakonu u sjemenu, sadnom materijalu i priznavanju sorti poljoprivrednog bilja (NN 110/21), Zakonu o zaštiti biljnih sorti (NN 131/97, 62/00, 67/08, 124/10 i 124/11), Pravilnikom o upisu sorti u Sortnu listu (NN 48/23), Pravilnikom o priznavanju sorti poljoprivrednog bilja (NN 99/08, 100/09, 109/10 i 77/13), Pravilniku o izmjenama i dopunama Pravilnika o priznavanju sorti poljoprivrednog bilja (NN57/18) i Pravilnikom o postupku utvrđivanja različitosti, ujednačenosti i postojanosti novih biljnih sorti u svrhu dodjeljivanja oplemenjivačkog prava i priznavanja sorti (NN 61/11). U radu će se dati prikaz 25 godina rada u području priznavanja i zaštite biljnih sorti u nacionalnom ovlaštenom tijelu.
Following the example of developed European countries, the Government of the Republic of Croatia established the Institute (now the Center) for seed and seedling in 1998 as a nationally designated autority for carrying out all work in the field of seed production and seedlings. The field of registration and protection of varieties of agricultural plants is carried out according to the Law on seeds, planting material and registration of varieties of agricultural plants (NN 110/21), the Law on Protection of Plant Varieties (NN 131/97, 62/00, 67/08, 124/10 and 124/11), the Regulations on the entry of varieties in the Variety List (NN 48/23), the Regulations on the Registration of Agricultural Plant Varieties (NN 99/08, 100/09, 109/10 and 77/13), the Regulations on amendments on registration of varieties of agricultural plants (NN 57/18) and the Regulations on the procedure for determining the diversity, uniformity and stability of new plant varieties for the purpose of granting breeding rights and registration of varieties (NN 61/11). The paper will present an account of 25 years of work in the field of registration and protection of plant varieties in the nationally designated autority.
U Republici Hrvatskoj provodi se priznavanje novih sorti povrća na osnovi dvogodišnjeg DUS ispitivanja, a za cikoriju i gospodarske vrijednosti. Kod čuvanih sorti povrća postupak priznavanja je ...pojednostavljen priznavanjem neslužbenog ispitivanja i podatcima o stečenom znanju. Nakon priznavanja sorta se upisuje na Sortnu listu nakon čega kreće nadzor sjemenske proizvodnje. Proizvodnja sjemena povrća u Republic Hrvatskoj u prosjeku 2018. - 2022. godine odvija se na 56,78 ha. Nakon proizvodnje sjemena kreće se u postupak izdavanja certifikata. U prosjeku 2017/2018. - 2021/2022. godine certificirano je 513.478,30 kg sjemena povrća. Certifikat o sjemenu iznimno je bitan jer jamči poljoprivrednom proizvođaču željenu sortnost i kakvoću sjemena.
In the Republic of Croatia, recognition of new vegetable varieties is carried out on the basis of two-year DUS tests, and VCU tests for chicory. In the case of preserved vegetable varieties, the recognition procedure is simplified by recognizing unofficial testing and data on acquired knowledge. After recognition, the variety is entered in the Variety List, after which the seed inspection begins. Production of vegetable seeds in the Republic of Croatia in 2018 - 2022 on average is 56.78 ha. After the production of seeds, the procedure for issuing certificates begins. On average in 2017/2018 - 2021/2022 513,478.30 kg of vegetable seeds were certified. The seed certificate is extremely important because it guarantees the agricultural producer the desired variety and quality of the seed.
A collection of fourteen winter wheat accessions was evaluated to describe agro-morphological traits over a two-year study at four locations. Changes in grain yield, test weight, and plant height ...were related to differences in growing seasons, locations, genotypes, and their interactions. Thus, some genotypes are suitable for one location but not for another. However, a PCA showed that genotypes 2, 26, 28, 32, and 31 were the most stable across environments. In the 2022/2023 season, a negative relationship was observed between septoria leaf blotch, septoria nodorum blotch, yellow rust, fusarium head blight, and grain yield. Grain yield decreased by 84.8, 72.3, 37.4, and 4.3% in Kutjevo, Osijek, Tovarnik, and Zagreb, respectively, compared to the 2021/2022 season. Additionally, in the 2022/2023 season, barley yellow dwarf virus weakened wheat plants, especially at the locations Kutjevo, Tovarnik, and Osijek, where a relationship was observed with septoria leaf blotch and powdery mildew. At the Zagreb location, wheat genotypes were planted at the latest sowing date, probably escaping the virus pressure after plants easily tolerated diseases, resulting in a significantly higher mean grain yield.
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