In this paper, we present the implementation and evaluation of the
aerosol microphysics module SALSA2.0 in the framework of the
aerosol–chemistry–climate model ECHAM-HAMMOZ. It is an alternative
...microphysics module to the default modal microphysics scheme M7 in
ECHAM-HAMMOZ. The SALSA2.0 implementation within ECHAM-HAMMOZ is evaluated
against observations of aerosol optical properties, aerosol mass, and size
distributions, comparing also to the skill of the M7 implementation. The
largest differences between the implementation of SALSA2.0 and M7 are in the
methods used for calculating microphysical processes, i.e., nucleation,
condensation, coagulation, and hydration. These differences in the
microphysics are reflected in the results so that the largest differences
between SALSA2.0 and M7 are evident over regions where the aerosol size
distribution is heavily modified by the microphysical processing of aerosol
particles. Such regions are, for example, highly polluted regions and regions
strongly affected by biomass burning. In addition, in a simulation of the
1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption in which a stratospheric sulfate plume was formed,
the global burden and the effective radii of the stratospheric aerosol are
very different in SALSA2.0 and M7. While SALSA2.0 was able to reproduce the
observed time evolution of the global burden of sulfate and the effective
radii of stratospheric aerosol, M7 strongly overestimates the removal of
coarse stratospheric particles and thus underestimates the effective radius
of stratospheric aerosol. As the mode widths of M7 have been optimized for
the troposphere and were not designed to represent stratospheric aerosol, the
ability of M7 to simulate the volcano plume was improved by modifying the
mode widths, decreasing the standard deviations of the accumulation and coarse
modes from 1.59 and 2.0, respectively, to 1.2 similar to what was observed
after the Mt. Pinatubo eruption. Overall, SALSA2.0 shows promise in improving
the aerosol description of ECHAM-HAMMOZ and can be further improved by
implementing methods for aerosol processes that are more suitable for the
sectional method, e.g., size-dependent emissions for aerosol species and size-resolved wet deposition.
Die Dinge, die bleiben Thomas Klie, Jakob Kühn / Thomas Klie, Jakob Kühn
2020, 202007, Letnik:
6
eBook
Bei einer Bestattung sind es Dinge der materialen Kultur, die sorgsam aufbewahrt werden: Fotos, Kleidungsstücke, Briefe, Erinnerungsurnen oder -diamanten. Diese Artefakte haben für die Angehörigen ...die Bedeutung von Privat-Reliquien. Während die katholische Kirche in der kultischen Verehrung heiliger Überreste eine lange Tradition pflegt, kultiviert der Protestantismus diese Praxis nicht. In der spätmodernen Religions- und Bestattungspraxis fließen die konfessionellen Kontraste jedoch ineinander. Die Wiederentdeckung des Nahverhältnisses von Dingen und Menschen in der Sepulkralkultur signalisiert theologischen, religions- und kulturwissenschaftlichen Klärungsbedarf, dem sich die Beiträger_innen des Bandes verständigungsorientiert im interdisziplinären Diskurs annehmen.
Atmospheric aerosol particle concentrations are strongly affected by various wet processes, including below and in-cloud wet scavenging and in-cloud aqueous-phase oxidation. We studied how wet ...scavenging and cloud processes affect particle concentrations and composition during transport to a rural boreal forest site in northern Europe. For this investigation, we employed air mass history analysis and observational data. Long-term particle number size distribution (â¼15 years) and composition measurements (â¼8 years) were combined with air mass trajectories with relevant variables from reanalysis data. Some such variables were rainfall rate, relative humidity, and mixing layer height. Additional observational datasets, such as temperature and trace gases, helped further evaluate wet processes along trajectories with mixed effects models.
Various types of DNA viruses are known to elicit the formation of a large nuclear viral replication compartment and marginalization of the cell chromatin. We used three-dimensional soft x-ray ...tomography, confocal and electron microscopy, combined with numerical modelling of capsid diffusion to analyse the molecular organization of chromatin in herpes simplex virus 1 infection and its effect on the transport of progeny viral capsids to the nuclear envelope. Our data showed that the formation of the viral replication compartment at late infection resulted in the enrichment of heterochromatin in the nuclear periphery accompanied by the compaction of chromatin. Random walk modelling of herpes simplex virus 1-sized particles in a three-dimensional soft x-ray tomography reconstruction of an infected cell nucleus demonstrated that the peripheral, compacted chromatin restricts viral capsid diffusion, but due to interchromatin channels capsids are able to reach the nuclear envelope, the site of their nuclear egress.
It was the aim of our study to evaluate the independent effect of preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM) as a cause of preterm delivery on mortality during primary hospital stay and ...significant morbidities in very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants < 32 weeks of gestation.
Observational, epidemiological study design.
Population-based cohort, German Neonatal Network (GNN).
6102 VLBW infants were enrolled in GNN from 2009-2012, n=4120 fulfilled criteria for primary analysis (< 32 gestational weeks, no pre-eclampsia, HELLP (highly elevated liver enzymes and low platelets syndrome) or placental abruption as cause of preterm birth).
Multivariable logistic regression analyses included PPROM as potential risk factors for adverse outcomes and well established items such as gestational age in weeks, birth weight, antenatal steroids, center, inborn delivery, multiple birth, gender and being small-for-gestational-age.
PPROM as cause of preterm delivery had no independent effect on the risk of early-onset sepsis, clinical sepsis and blood-culture proven sepsis, while gestational age proved to be the most important contributor to sepsis risk. The diagnosis of PPROM was associated with an increased risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD; OR: 1.25, 95% CI: 1.02-1.55, p=0.03) but not with other major outcomes.
The diagnosis of PPROM per se is not associated with adverse outcome in VLBW infants < 32 weeks apart from a moderately increased risk for BPD. Randomized controlled trials with primary neonatal outcomes are needed to determine which subgroup of VLBW infants benefit from expectant or intentional management of PPROM.
Die Welt des Theaters hat sich verändert - und mit ihr die sie denkende Theorie. Was sich in den letzten beiden Dekaden als »postdramatisches Theater« andeutete, ist derzeit dabei, stilistisch die ...dramaturgische Arbeit im Theater zu verändern. Zeitgleich rückte der in den 1990er Jahren geführte Diskurs zur dramaturgischen Gestalt der evangelischen Liturgie erstaunliche Neuentdeckungen ins Bewusstsein. Inszenierung und Präsenz, Rolle, Leiblichkeit, Text und Spiel waren die zentralen Kategorien der liturgiewissenschaftlichen Verständigung. In diesem Band wird das »postdramatische Theater« erstmals praktisch-theologisch rezipiert, um die sakrale Theatralität über sich aufzuklären.
In order to foster pro-environmental behavior in the midst of a global ecological crisis, current research in environmental psychology is often limited to individual-related factors and theories ...about conscious processing. However, in recent years, we observe a certain discontentment with the limitations of this approach within the community as well as increasing efforts toward broadening the scope (e.g., promotions of collective and social identity processes). In our work, we aim for a closer investigation of the relations between individuals, societal factors, and pro-environmental actions while considering the role of the unconscious. We hereby draw on the work of critical social psychology (CSP). From a life course perspective, we emphasize the important role of socialization, institutional and cultural contexts for mindsets and related perceptions, decisions and actions. This link between the individual and the society enables us to understand biographical trajectories and related ideologies dominant within a society. We seek to show that the approach of CSP is helpful for understanding why efforts of establishing pro-environmental actions on a large scale are still failing. In this article, we discuss the theoretical links between environmental psychology and CSP as well as possible implications, paving the way for a comprehensive future research agenda.
We use the ECHAM-HAMMOZ aerosol-climate model to assess the effects of black carbon (BC) mitigation measures on Arctic climate. To this end we constructed several mitigation scenarios that implement ...all currently existing legislation and then implement further reductions of BC in a successively increasing global area, starting from the eight member states of the Arctic Council, expanding to its active observer states, then to all observer states, and finally to the entire globe. These scenarios also account for the reduction of the co-emitted organic carbon (OC) and sulfate (SU). We find that, even though the additional BC emission reductions in the member states of the Arctic Council are small, the resulting reductions in Arctic BC mass burdens can be substantial, especially in the lower troposphere close to the surface. This in turn means that reducing BC emissions only in the Arctic Council member states can reduce BC deposition in the Arctic by about 30 % compared to the current legislation, which is about 60 % of what could be achieved if emissions were reduced globally. Emission reductions further south affect Arctic BC concentrations at higher altitudes and thus only have small additional effects on BC deposition in the Arctic. The direct radiative forcing scales fairly well with the total amount of BC emission reduction, independent of the location of the emission source, with a maximum direct radiative forcing in the Arctic of about −0.4 W m−2 for a global BC emission reduction. On the other hand, the Arctic effective radiative forcing due to the BC emission reductions, which accounts for aerosol–cloud interactions, is small compared to the direct aerosol radiative forcing. This happens because BC- and OC-containing particles can act as cloud condensation nuclei, which affects cloud reflectivity and lifetime and counteracts the direct radiative forcing of BC. Additionally, the effective radiative forcing is accompanied by very large uncertainties that originate from the strong natural variability of meteorology, cloud cover, and surface albedo in the Arctic. We further used the TM5-FASST model to assess the benefits of the aerosol emission reductions for human health. We found that a full implementation in all Arctic Council member and observer states could reduce the annual global number of premature deaths by 329 000 by the year 2030, which amounts to 9 % of the total global premature deaths due to particulate matter.
Modeling is requiring increasingly larger efforts while becoming indispensable given the complexity of the problems we are solving. Modelers face high cognitive load to understand a multitude of ...complex abstractions and their relationships. There is an urgent need to better support tool builders to ultimately provide modelers with intelligent modeling assistance that learns from previous modeling experiences, automatically derives modeling knowledge, and provides context-aware assistance. However, current intelligent modeling assistants (IMAs) lack adaptability and flexibility for tool builders, and do not facilitate understanding the differences and commonalities of IMAs for modelers. Such a patchwork of limited IMAs is a lost opportunity to provide modelers with better support for the creative and rigorous aspects of software engineering. In this expert voice, we present a conceptual reference framework (RF-IMA) and its properties to identify the foundations for intelligent modeling assistance. For tool builders, RF-IMA aims to help build IMAs more systematically. For modelers, RF-IMA aims to facilitate comprehension, comparison, and integration of IMAs, and ultimately to provide more intelligent support. We envision a momentum in the modeling community that leads to the implementation of RF-IMA and consequently future IMAs. We identify open challenges that need to be addressed to realize the opportunities provided by intelligent modeling assistance.
Populärkultur Thomas Kühn, Robert Troschitz / Thomas Kühn, Robert Troschitz
2017
eBook
Warum sollte sich Wissenschaft mit populärkulturellen Phänomenen wie Kinofilmen, Werbung oder Popmusik beschäftigen und was vermag die Auseinandersetzung mit diesen zu leisten? Diesen Fragen geht der ...Band nach, indem er Beiträge aus unterschiedlichen geistes- und sozialwissenschaftlichen Disziplinen versammelt. Er zeigt dabei nicht nur die Bedeutung von Populärkultur auf, sondern fördert zugleich den Dialog zwischen Wissenschaft und einer breiten Öffentlichkeit. Als zentraler Bestandteil des Alltags bietet Populärkultur somit die Chance, Wissenschaft selbst populär zu machen und ihre gesellschaftliche Relevanz zu verdeutlichen.
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