The prefrontal cortex, a cortical area essential for working memory and higher cognitive functions, is modulated by a number of neurotransmitter systems, including acetylcholine; however, the impact ...of cholinergic transmission on prefrontal activity is not well understood. We relied on systemic administration of a muscarinic receptor antagonist, scopolamine, to investigate the role of acetylcholine on primate prefrontal neuronal activity during execution of working memory tasks and recorded neuronal activity with chronic electrode arrays and single electrodes. Our results indicated a dose-dependent decrease in behavioral performance after scopolamine administration in all the working memory tasks we tested. The effect could not be accounted for by deficits in visual processing, eye movement responses, or attention, because the animals performed a visually guided saccade task virtually error free, and errors to distracting stimuli were not increased. Performance degradation under scopolamine was accompanied by decreased firing rate of the same cortical sites during the delay period of the task and decreased selectivity for the spatial location of the stimuli. These results demonstrate that muscarinic blockade impairs performance in working memory tasks and prefrontal activity mediating working memory.
Response Arbogast, Kristy B.; Allison, Mari A.; Maltese, Matthew R. ...
Medicine and science in sports and exercise,
03/2014, Letnik:
46, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Determine the variation in outcomes and respiratory mechanics between the subjects who are intubated earlier versus later in their coronavirus disease 2019 course.
Retrospective cohort study.
...Northwestern Memorial Hospital ICUs.
All patients intubated for coronavirus disease 2019 between March 2020 and June 2020.
Patients were stratified by time to intubation: 30 subjects were intubated 4-24 hours after presentation and 24 subjects were intubated 5-10 days after presentation. Baseline characteristics, hospitalization, ventilator mechanics, and outcomes were extracted and analyzed. Ten clinically available CT scans were manually reviewed to identify evidence of pulmonary vascular thrombosis and intussusceptive angiogenesis.
Median time from symptom onset to intubation was significantly different between the early and late intubation cohorts, with the latter being intubated later in the course of their illness (7.9 vs 11.8 d;
= 0.04). The early intubation cohort had a lower mortality rate than the late intubation cohort (6% vs 30%,
< 0.001) without significantly different respiratory mechanics at the time of intubation. The late intubation cohort was noted to have higher dead space ratio (0.40 vs 0.52;
= 0.03). On review of CT scans, the late intubation cohort also had more dilated peripheral segments on imaging (two segments vs five segments).
The question as to whether delaying intubation is beneficial or harmful for patients with coronavirus disease 2019-induced hypoxemic respiratory failure has yet to be answered. As our approaches to coronavirus disease 2019 continue to evolve, the decision of timing of intubation remains paramount. Although noninvasive ventilation may allow for delaying intubation, it is possible that there are downstream effects of delayed intubation that should be considered, including the potential for pulmonary vascular thrombosis and intussusceptive angiogenesis with delayed intubation.
Abstract Objective The purpose of this study is to test the postulated immuno cross-reactivity between proteins derived from raw gutta percha (RGP), gutta percha point (GPP) and natural rubber latex ...(NRL). Methods Antigenicity and cross-reactivity of proteins were determined by the FITkit (FITBiotech, Finland) and ELISA inhibition assays. Results Antigenicity of proteins derived from RGP or GPP was not demonstrated. Except for NRL glove extracts, neither extracts from RGP or GPP were reactive in ELISA inhibition assay. Significance There is no immunologic cross-reactivity in vitro between proteins derived from RGP or GPP, and from NRL gloves. Thus, therapeutic use of GPP is unlikely to initiate adverse immuno-reactivity in individuals previously sensitized to NRL proteins.
Asian American Families Shih, Kristy Y.; Kang, Hyeyoung
Encyclopedia of Family Studies,
2016, 2016-03-21
Reference
Asian Americans are one of the fastest growing and most ethnically diverse minority groups in the United States. They consist of approximately 30 ethnic subgroups originating from various Asian ...countries. Despite the diversity and growing number of Asian individuals in the United States, our knowledge of Asian American family life is incomplete, as much of the literature is in its infancy. Research on Asian American families tends to draw on cultural, rather than structural or critical, perspectives to explain family relationships and functioning. However, research has begun to identify both cultural and immigration‐related factors as well as diversity within and across groups. This entry discusses research on parenting and parent–child relationships, intergenerational relationships and elder care, gender and marital/power relationships, and racialized gender identities within Asian American families. It draws on literature from various ethnic groups within the broadly defined racial category of Asian Americans, when available.
Response Arbogast, Kristy B; Allison, Mari A; Maltese, Matthew R ...
Medicine and science in sports and exercise,
03/2014, Letnik:
46, Številka:
3
Journal Article
PDF
