The skeleton is one of the most important organs in the human body in assisting our motion and activities; however, bone density attenuates gradually as we age. Among common bone diseases are ...osteoporosis and Paget's, two of the most frequently found diseases in the elderly. Nowadays, a combination of multiple drugs is the optimal therapy to decelerate osteoporosis and Paget's pathologic process, which comes with various underlying adverse effects due to drug‐drug interactions (DDIs). Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to evaluate the interaction, pharmacodynamics, and possible side effects between drugs. In this research, we created an AI‐based machine‐learning model to predict the outcomes of interactions between drugs used for osteoporosis and Paget's treatment, which helps mitigate the cost and time to implement the best combination of medications in clinical practice. In this study, a DDI dataset was collected from the DrugBank database within the osteoporosis and Paget diseases. We then extracted a variety of chemical features from the simplified molecular‐input line‐entry system (SMILES) of defined drug pairs that interact with each other. Finally, machine‐learning algorithms were implemented to learn the extracted features. Our stack ensemble model from Random Forest and XGBoost reached an average accuracy of 74 % in predicting DDIs. It was superior to individual models as well as previous methods in terms of most measurement metrics. This study showed the potential of AI models in predicting DDIs of Osteoporosis‐Paget's disease in particular, and other diseases in general.
In this paper, we present a pioneering investigation on the fractional Hamiltonian amplitude equation involving the beta fractional derivative for the first time, addressing a research gap in the ...field of nonlinear fractional dynamics. Our primary objective is to develop effective analytical techniques capable of solving the fractional Hamiltonian amplitude equation and obtaining novel soliton solutions. To achieve this, we introduce two advanced methods: the extended fractional rational
sin
e
δ
-
cos
i
n
e
δ
and the fractional rational
sinh
δ
-
cosh
δ
techniques. By employing these cutting-edge approaches, we successfully derive new types of soliton solutions, demonstrating the reliability and efficiency of the proposed methods. Furthermore, the applicability of these techniques extends to various fractional nonlinear evolution models, highlighting their versatility in the realm of fractional dynamics. Finally, we provide a comprehensive presentation of the results, which substantiate the effectiveness of the methods in solving the complex fractional Hamiltonian amplitude equation.
In this study, the modified fractal gas dynamics model (GDM) with variable coefficients is successfully represented using the fractal derivative. We obtain the fractal variational principle of the ...modified fractal GDM by employing the fractal semi‐inverse method. Based on the established fractal variational principle, a new and fascinating algorithm is presented to solve the fractal model, which is called fractal two‐scale variational method (FTSVM). Finally, two numerical examples are given to indicate the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed algorithm. The FTSVM sheds a new light on the fractal differential equations.
In this study, the modified fractal gas dynamics model (GDM) with variable coefficients is successfully represented using the fractal derivative. We obtain the fractal variational principle of the modified fractal GDM by employing the fractal semi‐inverse method. Based on the established fractal variational principle, a new and fascinating algorithm is presented to solve the fractal model, which is called fractal two‐scale variational method (FTSVM). Finally, two numerical examples are given to indicate the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed algorithm. The FTSVM sheds a new light on the fractal differential equations.
Rolling circle amplification (RCA) is an isothermal enzymatic process where a short DNA or RNA primer is amplified to form a long single stranded DNA or RNA using a circular DNA template and special ...DNA or RNA polymerases. The RCA product is a concatemer containing tens to hundreds of tandem repeats that are complementary to the circular template. The power, simplicity, and versatility of the DNA amplification technique have made it an attractive tool for biomedical research and nanobiotechnology. Traditionally, RCA has been used to develop sensitive diagnostic methods for a variety of targets including nucleic acids (DNA, RNA), small molecules, proteins, and cells. RCA has also attracted significant attention in the field of nanotechnology and nanobiotechnology. The RCA-produced long, single-stranded DNA with repeating units has been used as template for the periodic assembly of nanospecies. Moreover, since RCA products can be tailor-designed by manipulating the circular template, RCA has been employed to generate complex DNA nanostructures such as DNA origami, nanotubes, nanoribbons and DNA based metamaterials. These functional RCA based nanotechnologies have been utilized for biodetection, drug delivery, designing bioelectronic circuits and bioseparation. In this review, we introduce the fundamental engineering principles used to design RCA nanotechnologies, discuss recently developed RCA-based diagnostics and bioanalytical tools, and summarize the use of RCA to construct multivalent molecular scaffolds and nanostructures for applications in biology, diagnostics and therapeutics.
Rolling circle amplification provides a powerful new tool for applications in chemical biology, materials science and medicine.
A novel magnetic carbon-based catalyst was prepared from solid waste (reed straw and electric furnace dust) by coprecipitation and high temperature pyrolysis with excellent application potential. ...Single factor and response surface experiments were used to optimize the catalyst preparation process (mass ratio of reed straw/electric furnace dust of 5:1 at 500 °C in 4 h) and biodiesel production, respectively, with results of 99.89 wt% biodiesel yield in the first cycle (93.61 wt% after 11 cycles) obtained at 74.15 °C in 4.16 h with a 14.06:1 M ratio of methanol/oil and 7.75 wt% catalyst. The life cycle assessment of magnetic carbon-based catalysts for biodiesel production suggested that the soybean oil extraction stage had the greatest impact on the environment, mainly from the use of soybeans and electricity. Solid waste as raw material to prepare catalysts for biomass energy conversion was proven to be a good strategy for energy conservation and emission reduction. This study provides guidance sustainable biomass energy conversion with low cost, low energy consumption, and minimal negative environmental impact.
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Abstract
Bone, cartilage, and soft tissue regeneration is a complex spatiotemporal process recruiting a variety of cell types, whose activity and interplay must be precisely mediated for effective ...healing post-injury. Although extensive strides have been made in the understanding of the immune microenvironment processes governing bone, cartilage, and soft tissue regeneration, effective clinical translation of these mechanisms remains a challenge. Regulation of the immune microenvironment is increasingly becoming a favorable target for bone, cartilage, and soft tissue regeneration; therefore, an in-depth understanding of the communication between immune cells and functional tissue cells would be valuable. Herein, we review the regulatory role of the immune microenvironment in the promotion and maintenance of stem cell states in the context of bone, cartilage, and soft tissue repair and regeneration. We discuss the roles of various immune cell subsets in bone, cartilage, and soft tissue repair and regeneration processes and introduce novel strategies, for example, biomaterial-targeting of immune cell activity, aimed at regulating healing. Understanding the mechanisms of the crosstalk between the immune microenvironment and regeneration pathways may shed light on new therapeutic opportunities for enhancing bone, cartilage, and soft tissue regeneration through regulation of the immune microenvironment.
Abstract
Age-related changes in the liver sinusoidal endothelium, particularly the reduction in fenestrations, contribute to insulin resistance in old age. Metformin impacts on the aging process and ...improves insulin resistance. Therefore, the effects of metformin on the liver sinusoidal endothelium were studied. Metformin increased fenestrations in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells isolated from both young and old mice. Mice administered metformin in the diet for 12 months had increased fenestrations and this was associated with lower insulin levels. The effect of metformin on fenestrations was blocked by inhibitors of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), endothelial nitric oxide synthase, and myosin light chain kinase phosphorylation. Metformin led to increased transgelin expression and structural changes in the actin cytoskeleton but had no effect on lactate production. Metformin also generated fenestration-like structures in SK-Hep1 cells, a liver endothelial cell line, and this was associated with increased ATP, cGMP, and mitochondrial activity. In conclusion, metformin ameliorates age-related changes in the liver sinusoidal endothelial cell via AMPK and endothelial nitric oxide pathways, which might promote insulin sensitivity in the liver, particularly in old age.
Biotic signalling refers to species or phylogenetic-clade-specific signals that elicit adaptive and acceptable responses within and among organisms. It is not only the molecular basis of the ...ecological relationships among different species, such as parasitism, symbiosis and predation, but also serves as ideal targets that can be used to manipulate these ecological relationships. This concept was proposed by a group of scientists from the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and actively pursued in a five-year research project in 2014 funded by the CAS ($40 million), entitled 'Decoding biotic interactions and mechanism for target management of agricultural pests'. The multi-disciplinary project aimed at a systematic investigation of the intra-species and inter-species and interactions via biotic signalling, with the ultimate goal being the development of novel methods to manage the pest insects and diseases. We hereby propose a topic 'Biotic signalling sheds light on smart pest control' as a theme issue for the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. It contains a total of 18 reviews and research articles under the topic of signalling manipulation for pest management. Unravelling these complex interactions among plants, microbial pathogens and insects holds promise for developing novel strategies to protect crop plants without compromising agricultural productivity and environmental health. This article is part of the theme issue 'Biotic signalling sheds light on smart pest management'.
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