It is well documented that earnings inequalities have risen in many high-income countries. Less clear are the linkages between rising income inequality and workplace dynamics, how within- and ...between-workplace inequality varies across countries, and to what extent these inequalities are moderated by national labor market institutions. In order to describe changes in the initial between- and within-firm market income distribution we analyze administrative records for 2,000,000,000+ job years nested within 50,000,000+ workplace years for 14 high-income countries in North America, Scandinavia, Continental and Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and East Asia. We find that countries vary a great deal in their levels and trends in earnings inequality but that the between-workplace share of wage inequality is growing in almost all countries examined and is in no country declining. We also find that earnings inequalities and the share of between-workplace inequalities are lower and grew less strongly in countries with stronger institutional employment protections and rose faster when these labor market protections weakened. Our findings suggest that firm-level restructuring and increasing wage inequalities between workplaces are more central contributors to rising income inequality than previously recognized.
The article contributes to the theoretical debate on the current state of the global economic system and the implications it holds for the (re)distribution of social and economic power. The ...theoretical framework of the discussion builds upon critical accounts of the rise of platform capitalism – an economic and social system founded on digitalised work. The imagining of futures is based on the mapping of possible actors and paths of the continuation or disruption of ongoing trends. Although digitalisation in principle holds the potential to foster economic growth and reduce inequalities, the accelerated development of the digital economy in the last few decades has been accompanied by unequally distributed positive and negative economic outcomes. Overcoming the precariousness of work and life as a universal problem should be founded in simultaneous local, short-term, partial resistance and attempts to limit the negative impacts and spread of precariousness on one hand and conceptualising and promoting comprehensive and universal solutions to precariousness on the other as part of a general rethinking of the social, political and economic order of our age. Keywords: digital technology, digital economy, precarious work and life, platform economy, platform capitalism, economic power, economic inequalities
The event-related potential method has proven to be a useful tool for studying the effects of gender information in language. Studies have shown that mismatch between the antecedent and the following ...referent triggers two ERP components, N400 and P600. In the present study, we investigated how grammatical gender affects the mental representation of the grammatical subject. A match-mismatch paradigm was used to investigate how masculine grammatical gender and gender-balanced forms (the explicit mention of masculine and feminine forms as word pairs) as role nouns affect the processing of the referent in Slovenian. The morphological complexity of Slovenian language required the use of anaphoric verbs instead of nouns/pronouns, on which previous research was based. The results showed that following both the gender-balanced and the masculine generic forms, P600 (but not N400) was observed in response to the feminine verb but not to the masculine verb. The P600 amplitude was smaller in the case of the gender-balanced form than in the case of the masculine generic form only. We have concluded that gender-balanced forms are more open to feminine continuations than masculine generic forms. This is the first ERP study in Slovenian to address the effects of processing grammatical gender, thus contributing to existing research on languages with grammatical gender. The great strength of the study is that it is one of the first ERP studies to test the mental inclusivity of gender-balanced forms.
This paper builds on the influential work of Suzan Lewis examining how employees' work-life experiences are shaped by different layers of context. Our approach is therefore a comparative one using ...data from four organizational contexts in two countries, the Netherlands and Slovenia. Within each organization, we examine the role of different types of supervisory support (specific family support and general support) and the quality of the relationship between supervisor and subordinate (LMX) in work-to-family conflict, enrichment, and work-life balance satisfaction. Findings indicate that in a context with a high level of national policy support, some dimensions of family support are seen as part of general supervisory support. Moreover, the role of supervisory support and the leader-member exchange relationship differs between organizational contexts and the outcomes considered.
This paper presents the findings of the 2015-2016 research project 'Fathers and Employers in Action' conducted to find out how employment situations influence fathering in Slovenia. We examine ...fathers' reconciliation of paid work and childcare responsibilities, the impact of various factors on fathers' practices, as well as managers' views of work-life balance in their companies and their personal experience. The empirical material was obtained through an on-line survey of 383 employed fathers and interviews with 11 managers, all with a child under 18. Apart from descriptive analysis, we conducted a multivariate analysis with time used for childcare as a dependent variable. Slovenian fathers reported that their employers offered very few measures aimed at facilitating reconciliation of work and family and did not understand their need and wish to participate in childcare. Fathers in managerial positions tend to combine uninterrupted careers with 'weekend fatherhood'. The analysis showed the interaction of factors affecting fathers' work-life balance. It also pointed to a need for employers to more strongly enhance their male employees' work-life balance, both by supporting the use of available statutory provisions, such as paternity and parental leaves, and by implementing measures at the organizational level.
Despite decades of attention from both the academic and business communities to gender imbalances in the distribution of economic power, women around the world are still in a less favourable ...situation than men - they are segregated in sectors, occupations, types of jobs and positions that attract lower prestige and financial remuneration. While women have considerably increased their share in the workforce, the data and analyses available in the last two decades with respect to entrepreneurs and managers show the continuing scarcity of women holding senior decision-making positions, such as CEOs and board members. When it comes to top positions like the chairperson of boards, the figures generally establish the share of women sitting at the helm of boards across the globe at zero to a few percent (Carter and Silva, 2010; Statistical Overview of Women in the Workplace, 2016). India and Slovenia are two very different countries, yet share similarities regarding the position of women in top management. Among companies listed on the Mumbai Stock Exchange 100, the majority (54%) have no women board members at all. Women hold just 7.7% of board seats and only 2.7% of chairs on boards (Statistical Overview of Women in the Workplace, 2016). In the 20 biggest publicly-traded companies in Slovenia, 20% of board members are women and 5% chair the board (EU database, 2016).
V prispevku poročamo o rezultatih analize medijskega pojavljanja kandidata in kandidatke na parlamentarnih volitvah 2018 v dveh slovenskih dnevnoinformativnih tiskanih medijih v obdobju dveh mesecev ...in pol pred volitvami in o rezultatih etnografske analize javnega komuniciranja obeh z volivci in volilkami na javnem dogodku. Na osnovi rezultatov ugotovljamo, koliko se kažejo odstopanja v medijskem poročanju o kandidatki in kandidatu ter kako je artikulacija spola del njune kampanje. Na podlagi nekaterih pozitivnih tendenc v slovenskem političnem prostoru smo predvidevale, da bo medijsko poročanje manj seksistično, kot je bilo v preteklosti. To lahko na podlagi kritične diskurzivne in besedilne analize medijskega poročanja tudi potrdimo, vsaj za Delo, manj za tabloidne Slovenske novice. Rezultati etnografske metode spremljanja pa kažejo, da igra spol veliko vlogo v javni predstavitvi politikov in političark ter odnosu javnosti do njune prisotnosti.
V tem príspevku obravnavamo dohodkovne neenakosti med ženskami in moškimi v Sloveniji in v izbranih treh poklicih med letoma 1999 in 2015. V nasprotju z razširjenim prepričanjem, da razlik v dohodkih ...med spoloma v Sloveniji ni, je analiza potrdila, da razlike v dohodkih med ženskami in moškimi obstajajo, še posebej, ko primerjamo ženske in moške z isto izobrazbo in izkušnjami ter na ravni delovnega mesta. Ženske so v Sloveniji med letoma 2010 in 2015 v povprečju zaslužile 6,2 odstotka manj kot moški in 11,9 odstotkov manj kot moški na enakem delovnem mestu. V istem obdobju so na ravni celotne populacije ob isti izobrazbi in izkušnjah ženske zaslužile skoraj 20 odstotkov manj, na delovnem mestu pa 14 odstotkov manj. Povprečni dohodki moških so v vseh treh analiziranih poklicih in v vseh letih višji odpovprečnih dohodkov žensk; dohodkovna vrzel med spoloma v opazovanih poklicih in njene spremembe v času pa se med poklici razlikujejo. Rezultati opravljene analize bodo izhodišče za nadaljnje raziskovanje vzrokov za plačno vrzel med spoloma.
A great deal has been written about the causes of gender inequality, and much of this literature has tackled the role of language as a mechanism of social exclusion. More recent analysis of gender ...inequalities indicates how vital it is that we understand the impact that different social characteristics, including age, can have simultaneously on a person’s life situation. These factors should be examined together and at the same time, and as such they invite the kind of approach that is made possible by the concept of intersectionality. The aim of this article is to bridge the gap that exists between different streams of research. It approaches the analysis of gender and age from an intersectional perspective. It also draws on work on the reinforcement of gender inequalities through gendered language and engages with research on age-related social inequalities and especially on the specific gender bias of ageism and ageist language. We propose that an intersectional approach be brought to bear on the analysis of sexist and ageist language in order to draw these lines of inquiry together. In doing so we hope to contribute to a better understanding of the social position of women and men of different ages and the role of language in reproducing and reinforcing the inequalities of power created by attitudes to differences of gender and age. It is our belief that an intersectional approach has huge potential for future work in gender studies, sociolinguistic theory, and other avenues of research.
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