COVID-19 pandemic has undoubtedly disrupted the well-established, traditional structure of medical education. Τhe new limitations of physical presence have accelerated the development of an online ...learning environment, comprising both of asynchronous and synchronous distance education, and the introduction of novel ways of student assessment. At the same time, this prolonged crisis had serious implications on the lives of medical students including their psychological well-being and the impact on their academic trajectories. The new reality has, on many occasions, triggered the ‘acting up’ of medical students as frontline healthcare staff, which has been perceived by many of them as a positive learning and contributing experience, and has led to a variety of responses from the educational institutions. All things considered, the urgency for rapid and novel adaptations to the new circumstances has functioned as a springboard for remarkable innovations in medical education,including the promotion of a more “evidence-based” approach.
Human paleopathology during the stone age THEODORAKOPOULOU, Katerina; KARAMANOU, Marianna
Archives of the Balkan Medical Union,
12/2020, Letnik:
55, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
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Palaeopathology is a scientific tool which provides an integrated vision of diseases and lifestyle habits of ancient populations. This review paper aims to present an overview of the most common ...diseases of the Stone Age, their correlation with human habits and lifestyle, as well as their impact to health status of the prehistoric populations. Although the paleopathology of the Stone Age period is not well studied, we provide some indicative results of research works from Greek Neolithic archaeological sites. More paleopathological investigations are needed to have a satisfactory approach of the health status of prehistoric populations.
To assess the differences among seven different methods for the calculation of mean arterial pressure (MAP) and to identify the formula that provides MAP values that are more closely associated with ...target organ deterioration as expressed by the carotid cross-sectional area (CSA), carotid-to-femoral pulse-wave velocity (cf-PWV) and left ventricular mass (LVM). The study population consisted of 1878 subjects who underwent noninvasive cardiovascular risk assessment. Blood pressure (BP) was assessed in all subjects, and MAP was calculated by direct oscillometry and six different formulas. Carotid artery ultrasound imaging was performed in 1628 subjects. The CSA of the right and left common carotid artery (CCA) were calculated and used as surrogates of arterial wall mass and hypertrophy. Aortic stiffness was evaluated in 1763 subjects by measuring the cf-PWV. Finally, 218 subjects underwent echocardiographic examination for the assessment of LVM. Among the examined methods of MAP calculation, the formula MAP1=diastolic BP+0.412 × pulse pressure yielded the strongest correlations with the LVM, cf-PWV and CSA of the right and left CCA, even after adjusting for age and gender. The MAP calculation using the 0.412 was superior compared with the traditional formula that uses the 0.33 for the discrimination of subjects with left ventricular and carotid wall hypertrophy, as well as subjects with increased aortic stiffness. MAP estimated with the 0.412 is better correlated with target organ deterioration compared with other formulas. Future studies are needed to explore the accuracy of these formulas for MAP estimation compared with direct intra-arterial BP measurement.
In this paper, we reveal the anthrax weaponization in the Soviet Union and its impact on biowarfare research, technology, and public health that resulted in the development of the first Soviet ...Anthrax vaccine and the subsequent vaccination of animals and humans en masse. We assume that there are cases that a biowarfare technology was incorporated into the civilian industry and benefited public health. However, the legacy of bioweapons today still poses an asymmetric threat to public health and safety.
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•Cretan traditional Medicine, used Opium poppies as sedatives for children.•Poppies’ folk preparations were called Hypnos.•The practice to offer Hypnos to children was alive until the ...early 20th century.•Iatrosofia are written collections of traditional remedies.•Hypnos related recipes are absent in Cretan Iatrosofia after the 17th century.
Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) is considered as one of the earliest medicinal plants known to mankind. Derived from the Greek name “opos” meaning juice, referring to its psychotropic latex, the plant was known and extensively used since Antiquity during religious rituals and for Medical purposes, mainly as hypnotic and pain reliever agent. In Cretan folk medicine it was recommended along with other poppies until the early 20th century to induce children sedation, by the name: “Hypnos” meaning sleep.
During World War I (WWI), also referred to as 'The Great War,' Germany implemented a pioneering biowarfare program as part of a broader military strategy to undermine Allied forces by targeting their ...logistical and supply capabilities. This initiative, unprecedented in its systematic and strategic application, utilized a variety of pathogens, primarily targeting animal populations, to disrupt support systems without contravening international laws, specifically the 1907 Hague Convention. The operations, shrouded in secrecy and largely led by the German General Staff, included sophisticated sabotage actions against both enemy and neutral states. The allegations and usage of bioweapons increased the interest of the Great Powers in further developing their own biowarfare program.
Georg Bartisch, a 16th century barber surgeon, published in 1583 his treatise entitled "Ophthalmodouleia" (Greek term meaning eye service), a work in German to promote ophthalmology for his ...countrymen barber surgeons. He did not have an academic education nor knew classical languages, he had used a triplet in terminology by using German, Hellenic and Latin nomination in his anatomical descriptions. Various accurate illustrations and a peculiar system of presentation with flap to liken an in-depth presentation were demonstrated to add prestige in his work. This raises concerns for another medical surgeon to have helped for this publication. Bartisch innovative approaches introduced various surgical tools. Cataract surgery was the epitome of his work. Anatomy of both the eye and the eyelids was there for only to serve the operation. Religion, magic and Galenic views presented barriers for Bartisch's scientific development. However, he is considered as the patron of German School of Ophthalmology.
In medieval Venetian Methoni, the provision of medical care could be roughly divided into two phases. During the first phase, Venice provided medical care solely to the staff, the garrison, and the ...Venetian citizens residing in Methoni. Medical care to the rest of the population was offered by the solitary orders that had settled in the area after the conquest of Methoni, in the context of charity. In the second phase, when trade with the East and also the pilgrimages to the Holy Places increased, the Senate took over medical care, initially by subsidizing the local monasteries and later, according to a decision made by the Senate of Venice since 1423, by taking over the provision from its own hospital, which was located in the residential area of the castle, dedicated to Saint Johannes the Theologian (Evangelist).
Joseph Lister was a prominent British surgeon and medical scientist who established the study of antisepsis. Applying Louis Pasteur's germ theory of fermentation on wound putrefaction, he promoted ...the idea of sterilization in surgery using carbolic acid (phenol) as an antiseptic. His method reduced the incidence of wound sepsis and gangrene, which, in turn, reduced the need for amputation. By showing how germs could be prevented from entering the wound, Lister increased the safety of surgical operations and laid the foundations for all subsequent advances in the field.
The plague is one of the most dangerous infectious diseases that can affect mankind. The disease has caused countless pandemics over the centuries in many parts of the world, mainly Asia, Africa, and ...Europe, and has caused over 200 million deaths, making it one of the greatest scourges of mankind throughout the ages. Similar to the rest of Greece, Crete was affected for many years by the plague during the 19th century, which caused significant mortality, both in the cities and the countryside. The lack of doctors, the absence of organized health systems, the ignorance of the origin and modes of transmission, and the belief of the island’s Muslim conquerors in destiny and God-given diseases made the spread of the plague very easy, while simultaneously making its control, with measures to protect public health, extremely difficult. This led to the repeated decimation of the island's population, with immeasurable social and economic consequences for its progression and future development.
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