By using actor–partner interdependence modeling (APIM), we examined the effects of the Dark Triad traits, psychopathy, narcissism, and Machiavellianism on two mate retention (MR) domains, ...cost-inflicting (C-I B) and benefit-provisioning behaviors (B-P B) as well as overall mate retention (OMR) on the sample of 100 heterosexual romantic couples. These effects were examined first without and then with the control of the overlap between the traits. The results show that actor effects of the Dark Triad traits on MR were stronger in men, and regarding partner effects, the Dark Triad traits in men exerted more frequent MR in women than women’s Dark Triad traits in men. In line with our prediction, psychopathy had the strongest actor and partner effects on MR behaviors, both in men and women. Considering MR domains, we found actor effects on C-I B only in men, whereas actor effects on B-P B in both men and women. The Dark Triad traits, especially in men, exerted stronger partner effects on C-I B than on B-P B domain. Almost all actor and partner effects of psychopathy and narcissism remained significant after the control for the overlap between the traits, whereas all actor effects of Machiavellianism became nonsignificant. In both sets of analyses, without and with the control for the overlap between these traits, the most frequent plausible dyadic patterns were actor-only and couple pattern.
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of participants’ gender, and target figures’ gender on the preferences for individuals with overweight and average-weight. The study also assessed ...whether evaluations of the groups are affected by the group composition (the number of children with overweight). The study was conducted on the sample of 102 children (43 girls and 59 boys). The age of the participants ranged from 7 to 11 years. Twenty pairs of female and male child images with average-weight and overweight were drawn for this study. The individual images were combined into five groups of children with average-weight and overweight. The results showed that target with average-weight and male targets were preferred more than target with overweight and female targets and that participants evaluated same-sex targets more positively. The same trend was obtained for group images. The results also showed that the increase in the number of children with overweight in groups was connected with more negative evaluations of these groups.
Previous research (Laeng et al., 2007) conducted on Norwegian samples showed that blue-eyed men rate blue-eyed women as more attractive, while brown-eyed men and all the women show no differences in ...attractiveness assessments with respect to eye colour. Correspondingly, positive assortative mating was found for blue, but not brown eyes, and it most often occurred in blue-eyed men. We aimed to replicate this blue-like-blue effect in the Croatian population, which differs in the ratio of eye colour phenotypes (blue eye colour is the most prevalent in Norway while brown is the most prevalent in Croatia). Additionally, we examined whether this effect is moderated by life history strategies and sociosexuality. Our hypothesis was that the effect would be larger in those blue-eyed men who exert a slower life history strategy and who are sociosexually restrictive. One hundred and twenty-eight participants assessed the attractiveness of blue-eyed and brown-eyed models, whose eye colours were experimentally manipulated in such a way that participants were shown models with natural or artificially changed eye colours. The blue-like-blue effect was replicated in the context of preferences, although it was smaller than in the original study. However, unlike the original study, in a sample of 138 participants no assortative pairing by eye colour was found between participants and their romantic partners. Finally, the hypothesis about the moderation was supported for life history strategies, but not for sociosexuality. In addition to the rationale for the blue-like-blue effect based on the paternity uncertainty account, which was offered by the authors of the original study, we discussed other accounts of this phenomenon.
The thematic issue of Psychological Topics is devoted to the relationship between personality and social behaviour, two broad and important areas of psychology that have been developed relatively ...independently of each other for decades. Within the last decade, this situation has changed, and it became clear that these two domains are intertwined in different ways. This issue covers contemporary empirical contributions that aim to understand various personality traits and processes and their effects on social outcomes. Specifically, the articles deal with the question of how a person's characteristics drive and shape social behaviours, such as social dominance, social trust, mating preferences, jealousy, loneliness, habits surrounding alcohol consumption, functional altruism, and relationship satisfaction. The articles presented in this issue come from different methodological and theoretical perspectives and show the richness, complexity and diversity of this area of research. We hope that this issue will allow readers a valuable insight into the current research and give them new ideas for future research within the field. Although the process of editing a journal can be sometimes demanding, we enjoyed it because it was a stimulating, challenging and rewarding experience. In the end, we would like to express our gratitude to all the authors for their willingness to contribute and devote their knowledge, expertise and time as well as to the reviewers for their comments in improving the quality of the articles. Many thanks to the Editor-in-Chief and the Editorial Board for their help in the technical preparations of the articles.
Studies investigating the effects of emotion regulation on romantic partners’ relationship satisfaction (RS) found that proneness to use cognitive reappraisal exerts positive, whereas expressive ...suppression negative effects on both one’s own and partner’s satisfaction. However, no studies explored the effects of partner reported use of the two emotion regulation strategies on RS, which might allow the exclusion of method-related explanations of the previous findings and offer new insights into the mechanisms involved. We tested the hypotheses about the effects of reappraisal and suppression on RS on a sample of 205 romantic couples by using round-robin design and actor-partner interdependence modelling (APIM). Although the effects were relatively small, they were still in line with the assumptions that cognitive reappraisal has positive intra- and interpersonal effects on RS, that they can be generalized across self- and partner reports to a certain extent, and that they are somewhat stronger in women. Considering expressive suppression, only women’s self-reported suppression exerted significant negative intrapersonal effect on RS. Implications of self- and partner reports of emotion regulation for the understanding of the mechanisms mediating its effects on RS are discussed.
This issue of Psychological Topics is devoted to one of the central scientific domains for understanding human behavior – personality psychology.
It presents a broad range of contemporary ...theoretical and empirical contributions regarding personality structure and processes as well as the effects of personality on various outcomes such as sexuality, stress, social attitudes, flow and interpersonal behavior. The articles presented stem from different perspectives including evolutionary, behavioral genetic, physiological, cognitive, developmental and cross-cultural, and show the richness, complexity and diversity of the field.
Although the process of editing a journal can be sometimes demanding, we would like to say that we enjoyed it because it was stimulating and challenging and in the end a rewarding experience, mainly thanks to excellent and cooperative authors, who accepted our invitation and contributed to this thematic issue. We would also like to thank Editor-in Chief, Editorial Board and academic reviewers, without whose help this issue would not have been possible.
Igor KardumJasna Hudek-Knezevic
This study aimed to (1) investigate the variation in self ascription to gender roles and attitudes toward gender roles across countries and its associations with crying behaviors, emotion change, and ...beliefs about crying and (2) understand how the presence of others affects our evaluations of emotion following crying. This was a large international survey design study (
N
= 893) conducted in Australia, Croatia, the Netherlands, Thailand, and the United Kingdom. Analyses revealed that, across countries, gender, self-ascribed gender roles, and gender role attitudes (GRA) were related to behavioral crying responses, but not related to emotion change following crying. How a person evaluates crying, instead, appeared to be highly related to one’s beliefs about the helpfulness of crying, irrespective of gender. Results regarding crying when others were present showed that people are more likely both to cry and to feel that they received help around a person that they know, compared to a stranger. Furthermore, closeness to persons present during crying did not affect whether help was provided. When a crier reported that they were helped, they also tended to report feeling better following crying than those who cried around others but did not receive help. Few cross-country differences emerged, suggesting that a person’s responses to crying are quite consistent among the countries investigated here, with regard to its relationship with a person’s gender role, crying beliefs, and reactions to the presence of others.
Jedno od najvažnijih pitanja u području psihologije morala jest koji je proces u podlozi moralnih prosudbi. Neke od novijih teorija predlažu heuristike. Glavni je cilj ovoga istraživanja bio ...provjeriti jesu li one uključene i u proces moralnog prosuđivanja, a ne samo moralnog djelovanja. Također, cilj je bio replicirati ove fenomene na hrvatskom uzorku koristeći novi podražajni materijal. Ispitivana je uloga pet heuristika: milo za drago, kažnjavanje švercera u kooperativnim savezništvima, incest, sreća i trud kao znakovi za pomaganje te propust. U skladu s tim sudionici su rješavali pet moralnih dilema od kojih je svaka bila povezana s jednom od navedenih heuristika. Svaka je dilema imala dvije verzije, koje su se razlikovale u kritičnim znakovima kojima bi se odgovarajuća heuristika trebala koristiti. Istraživanje je provedeno na uzorku od 84 sudionika, slučajno podijeljenih u dvije eksperimentalne skupine, kojima su prikazane različite verzije dilema. Rezultati su djelomično u skladu s pretpostavkama. Tri su heuristike utjecale na moralne prosudbe – heuristike incesta i propusta te milo za drago. Heuristika incesta utjecala je samo na odgovore muškaraca i to u smjeru suprotnom od očekivanog. Točnije, muškarci češće osuđuju spolni odnos između genetskih srodnika koji ne znaju da su brat i sestra nego između dvoje ljudi koji su odrasli misleći da su brat i sestra. Odgovori u dilemama povezanima s heuristikama propusta i milo za drago očekivani su: uskraćivanje pomoći odobrava se kada je u posljednjoj interakciji i osoba koja traži pomoć učinila isto, a moralni prijestup koji je rezultat akcije osuđuje se češće nego kada je rezultat propusta.
Cilj je provedenog istraživanja bio ispitati kakvi su efekti kongruentnosti osobnih i organizacijskih vrijednosti usmjerenih zadacima i usmjerenih ljudima na odanost organizaciji i na njezine ...komponente. Istraživanje je provedeno na prigodnom uzorku od 217 sudionika, zaposlenih u nekoliko srednjih i većih hrvatskih organizacija, koji su ispunili Upitnik organizacijske odanosti te Skalu osobnih i organizacijskih vrijednosti. Prikupljeni su podaci analizirani nizom polinomnih regresijskih analiza. Dobiveni rezultati pokazuju da kada su osobne i organizacijske vrijednosti usmjerene zadacima usklaðene, tada je njihova viša razina povezana s većom afektivnom odanošću. Neusklaðenost osobnih i organizacijskih vrijednosti usmjerenih na zadatke, i to takva da su organizacijske vrijednosti više od osobnih, povezana je s višom normativnom odanošću. Dodatno, normativna se odanost snažnije povećava s povećanjem ove neusklaðenosti. Ukupna odanost organizaciji veća je kada su osobne i organizacijske vrijednosti usmjerene na zadatke usklaðene i više izražene, kada je neusklaðenost takva da su organizacijske vrijednosti usmjerene na zadatke više od osobnih vrijednosti te kada je ta neusklaðenost više izražena. Kada se radi o efektima (ne)usklaðenosti osobnih i organizacijskih vrijednosti usmjerenih na ljude, dobiveni rezultati pokazuju da se normativna i ukupna odanost povećavaju kada je neusklaðenost takva da su organizacijske vrijednosti usmjerene na ljude više od osobnih vrijednosti.
In three studies, we examined assortative mating for psychopathy components as well as its effects on the relationship quality in intimate partners. Compared to the original structure we confirmed ...three
factors of psychopathy: criminal tendencies (CT), erratic lifestyle (ELS) and interpersonal manipulation (IM), while callous affect (CA) was
not replicated. Hypotheses regarding positive versus negative assortment, initial assortment versus convergence, and active assortment
versus social homogamy were tested. All hypotheses were examined using both variable-centered approach (VCA) and couple-centered approach (CCA). We found moderate positive assortment between intimate partners in psychopathy as a latent construct estimated by structural modelling. Furthermore, positive assortment for all three components of psychopathy
was found either by using only VCA (CT), only CCA (IM) or both approaches (ELS). Additionally, initial assortment rather than convergence hypothesis and active assortment rather than social homogamy
hypothesis was confirmed for all three psychopathy components, with a slight tendency towards divergence and social homogamy. We explored the effects of similarity in psychopathy components on the women and men' relationship quality by using profile similarity and polynomial regression analyses. Profile similarity in IM was significantly positively related to women's relationship quality, while the results of
the polynomial regression analyses were more complex, and showed that only (dis)similarity in CT did not exert any effect on women and men's relationship quality. Greater disagreement between women and men's ELS was related with more sharp decrease of women's relationship quality, while men's relationship quality decreased at the higher levels of women
and men's ELS. Greater disagreement between women and men's IM results in a lower women's relationship quality, while women and men's relationship quality was higher when women's IM was higher than men's.
En tres estudios hemos examinado emparejamiento selectivo para los componentes de psicopatía, tanto como sus efectos sobre la calidad de la relación en parejas íntimas. Comparado con la estructura original, hemos confirmado tres factores de psicopatía: tendencias criminales (TC), estilo de vida errático (EVE) y manipulación interpersonal (MI), mientras que afecto cruel no se ha manifestado. Se han examinado hipótesis sobre surtido positivo contra negativo, emparejamiento inicial contra convergencia y emparejamiento activo contra homogamia social. Todas las hipótesis se han investigado a través del enfoque centrado en la variable (ECV) y el enfoque centrado en la pareja (ECP). Hemos encontrado un surtido moderadamente positivo entre parejas íntimas en la psicopatía como constructo latente valuado por el modelado estructural. Además, surtido positivo para todas las tres componentes de psicopatía se ha encontrado sea sólo a través del ECV (TC), sólo ECP o los dos enfoques (EVE). Además, para todos los tres componentes de psicopatía se ha confirmado el surtido inicial en lugar de la hipótesis de la convergencia y el surtido activo en lugar de la hipótesis de la homogamia social, con la tendencia ligera hacia la divergencia y la homogamia social. Hemos examinado los efectos de la similitud en los componentes de psicopatía en la calidad de relación de hombre y mujeres usando la similitud de perfil y análisis regresivo polinomio. La similitud de perfil en MI estaba significativa y positivamente relacionada con la calidad de la relación de mujeres, mientras que los resultados del análisis regresivo polinomio era más complejos y demostraron que sólo la (di)similitud en TC no ejerció ningún efecto sobre la calidad de relación de hombre y mujeres. Una mayor discrepancia entre el EVE de hombres y mujeres fue relacionada con una disminución marcada de la calidad de la relación de mujeres, mientras que la calidad de la relación de hombres disminuyó a niveles más altos del EVE de mujeres y hombres. Una mayor discrepancia entre la MI de mujeres y hombres resulta con la calidad más baja de la relación de mujeres, mientras que la calidad de la relación de mujeres y hombres fue más alta cuando la MI de mujeres fue más alta que la de los hombres.
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