Furthering Fair Housing Steil, Justin P; Kelly, Nicholas F; Vale, Lawrence J ...
03/2021
eBook
Odprti dostop
The 2015 Affirmatively Furthering Fair Housing Rule was the most
significant federal effort to increase equality of access to
place-based resources and opportunities, such as high-performing
schools ...or access to jobs, since the 1968 Fair Housing Act.
However, in an effort to appeal to suburban voters, the Trump
administration repealed the rule in 2020, leaving its future in
doubt.
Furthering Fair Housing analyzes multiple dimensions of
this rule, identifying failures of past efforts to increase housing
choice, exploring how the AFFH Rule was crafted, measuring the
initial effects of the rule before its rescission, and examining
its interaction with other contemporary housing issues, such as
affordability, gentrification, anti-displacement, and zoning
policies.
The editors and contributors to this volume-a mix of civil
rights advocates, policymakers, and public officials-provide
critical perspectives and identify promising new directions for
future policies and practices. Placing the history of fair housing
in the context of the centuries-long struggle for racial equity,
Furthering Fair Housing shows how this policy can be
revived and enhanced to advance racial equity in America's
neighborhoods.
Introduction. Persister cells are transiently non-growing antibiotic-tolerant bacteria that cause infection relapse, and there is no effective antibiotic therapy to tackle these infections. Gap ...statement. High-throughput assays in drug discovery are biased towards detecting drugs that inhibit bacterial growth rather than killing non-growing bacteria. A new and simple assay to discover such drugs is needed. Aim. This study aims to develop a simple and high-throughput assay to identify compounds with antimicrobial activity against persister cells and use it to identify molecular motifs with such activity. Methodology. We quantified Staphylococcus aureus persister cells by enumeration of colony forming units after 24 h ciprofloxacin treatment. We first quantified how the cell concentration, antibiotic concentration, growth phase and presence/absence of nutrients during antibiotic exposure affected the fraction of persister cells in a population. After optimizing these parameters, we screened the antimicrobial activity of compound fragments to identify molecular structures that have activity against persister cells. Results. Exponential- and stationary-phase cultures transferred to nutrient-rich media displayed a bi-phasic time-kill curve and contained 0.001–0.07% persister cells. A short rifampicin treatment resulted in 100% persister cells for 7 h, after which cells resumed activity and became susceptible. Stationary-phase cultures displayed a low but constant death rate but ultimately resulted in similarly low survival rates as the exponential-phase cultures after 24 h ciprofloxacin treatment. The persister phenotype was only maintained in most of the population for 24 h if cells were transferred to a carbon-free minimal medium before exposure to ciprofloxacin. Keeping cells starved enabled the generation of high concentrations of S. aureus cells that tolerate 50× MIC ciprofloxacin, and we used this protocol for rapid screening for biocidal antibiotics. We identified seven compounds from four structural clusters with activity against antibiotic-tolerant S. aureus . Two compounds were moderately cytotoxic, and the rest were highly cytotoxic. Conclusion. Transferring a stationary-phase culture to a carbon-free minimal medium for antimicrobial testing is a simple strategy for high-throughput screening for new antibiotics that kill persister cells. We identified molecule fragments with such activity, but further screening is needed to identify motifs with lower general cytotoxicity.
The ability of cold-adapted species to persist in the face of climate change will depend on the capacity of individuals for thermal acclimation, adaptation, and the degree of physiological variation ...that exists among populations. We tested the acclimation capacity of cardiac HSP70 and HSP90 in four populations of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush), a cold-adapted salmonid. We acclimated fish to four temperatures (8°C, 11°C, 15°C, and 19°C) and measured cardiac HSP70 and HSP90 levels by western blot prior to and following an acute (1h) heat shock at 23°C. Basal and induced cardiac HSP70 and HSP90 expression was similar among lake trout populations. Induced cardiac HSP70 was significantly lower in heat-shocked lake trout acclimated to 19°C compared to all other temperatures. Acclimation temperature had no significant effect on cardiac HSP90 prior to heat shock (control HSP90) and a significant effect on HSP90 in heat-shocked fish, although most significant treatment comparisons were marginal. However, for warm-acclimated fish (15°C and 19°C), cardiac HSP90 levels were lower in heat-shocked versus control fish. Together, this suggests that the induction temperature of cardiac HSP synthesis may increase with warm acclimation in lake trout. This plasticity in the cardiac HSR could assist lake trout populations in coping with longer periods of thermal stress as predicted by climate change models. The cardiac HSR supports previous research suggesting lake trout thermal physiology may be conserved across a wide geographic range.
Human activities have the potential to accelerate population-level decline by contributing to climate warming and decreasing the capacity of species to survive warming temperatures. Here we build a ...predictive model to test interactions between river warming and catch and release mortality in recreational fisheries for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) by compiling and analyzing published data. We then test whether warming has occurred in rivers where angling occurs and whether angling opportunities have been restricted through increased river closures due to high water temperatures. We find that catch and release mortalities are low (<0.05) at cool river temperatures (<12 °C). At river temperatures often leading to fishery closures (between 18 and 20 °C), mortalities range from 0.07 to 0.33 (mean = 0.16). River temperatures on the east and southeast coasts of Newfoundland have warmed, leading to an increase in fishery closures in recent years. By contrast, river temperatures in southern Labrador have warmed slightly, with only one documented river closure. Accordingly, increasing temperatures will increase the frequency of river closures and likely result in higher mortality in caught and released Atlantic salmon in rivers that remain open to catch and release angling at warm water temperatures.
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its ligands figure prominently in the biology of gliomas, the most common
tumors of the central nervous system (CNS). Although their histologic ...classification seems to be straightforward, these tumors
constitute a heterogeneous class of related neoplasms. They are associated with a variety of molecular abnormalities affecting
signal transduction, transcription factors, apoptosis, angiogensesis, and the extracellular matrix. Under normal conditions,
these same interacting factors drive CNS growth and development. We are now recognizing the diverse molecular genetic heterogeneity
that underlies tumors classified histologically into three distinct grades. This recognition is leading to new therapeutic
strategies targeted directly at specific molecular subtypes. In this article, we will review the role of EGFR and related
molecular pathways in the genesis of the normal CNS and their relationship to glial tumorigenesis. We will discuss barriers
to effective treatment as they relate to anatomic specialization of the CNS. We will also consider the ways in which specific
EGFR alterations common to glioma reflect outcomes following treatment with targeted therapies, all with an eye towards applying
this understanding to improved patient outcomes.
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common form of malignant glioma, characterized by genetic instability, intratumoral histopathological variability, and unpredictable clinical behavior. We ...investigated global gene expression in surgical samples of brain tumors. Gene expression profiling revealed large differences between normal brain samples and tumor tissues and between GBMs and lower-grade oligodendroglial tumors. Extensive differences in gene expression were found among GBMs, particularly in genes involved in angiogenesis, immune cell infiltration, and extracellular matrix remodeling. We found that the gene expression patterns in paired specimens from the same GBM invariably were more closely related to each other than to any other tumor, even when the paired specimens had strikingly divergent histologies. Survival analyses revealed a set of ≈70 genes more highly expressed in rapidly progressing tumors that stratified GBMs into two groups that differed by >4-fold in median duration of survival. We further investigated one gene from the group, FABP7, and confirmed its association with survival in two unrelated cohorts totaling 105 patients. Expression of FABP7 enhanced the motility of glioma-derived cells in vitro. Our analyses thus identify and validate a prognostic marker of both biologic and clinical significance and provide a series of putative markers for additional evaluation.
Warming water temperatures, combined with increased mortality following catch and release, could have synergistic consequences if rivers remain open to catch and release at high water temperatures, ...and catchability of fish remains similar across water temperatures. Here archived data for Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., were used to (a) quantify the influence of water temperature on catchability and (b) refine estimates of absolute catch and release mortality to incorporate the relationship between temperature and catchability. A significant decline in the number of Atlantic salmon caught at warmer water temperatures was found after accounting for the effects of river water height, fishing effort, run duration and year‐to‐year differences in fish abundance. Overall, absolute catch and release mortalities were predicted to be infrequent at cool river temperatures. At river temperatures sometimes associated with fishing closures, mortality due to the catch and release ranged from 6% to 14%. Although post‐release mortality increases with water temperature, it is somewhat compensated by the reduced catchability of Atlantic salmon. Thus, the catchability component of catch and release is an integral consideration when evaluating the effectiveness of river closure temperature thresholds when managing catch and release angling.
The southwestern coast of Mexico is marked by active subduction of the Rivera and Cocos plates, producing megathrust earthquakes that tend to recur every 50–100 yr. Herein, we use seismic and GPS ...data from this region to investigate the potential relationship between earthquakes, tectonic (non-volcanic) tremor, and transient slip along the westernmost 200 km of the Mexico subduction zone. Visual examination of seismograms and spectrograms throughout the 18-month-long MARS seismic experiment reveals clear evidence for frequent small episodes of tremor along the Rivera and Cocos subduction zones beneath the states of Jalisco, Colima, and Michoacán. Using a semi-automated process that identifies prominent energy bursts in envelope waveforms of this new data, analyst-refined relative arrival times are inverted for source locations using a 1-D velocity model. The resulting northwest–southeast trending linear band of tremor is located downdip from the rupture zones of the 1995 Mw 8.0 Colima–Jalisco and 2003 Mw 7.2 Tecoman subduction-thrust earthquakes and just below the regions of afterslip triggered by these earthquakes. Despite the close proximity between tremor and megathrust events, there is no evidence that the time since the last great earthquake influences the spatial or temporal pattern of tremor. A well-defined gap in the tremor beneath the western Colima Graben appears to mark a separation along the subducted Rivera–Cocos plate boundary. From the position time series of 19 continuous GPS sites in western Mexico, we present the first evidence that slow slip events occur on the Rivera plate subduction interface. Unlike the widely-recorded, large-amplitude, slow slip events on the nearly horizontal Cocos plate subduction interface below southern Mexico, slow slip events below western Mexico have small amplitudes and are recorded at relatively few, mostly coastal stations. The smaller slow slip beneath western Mexico may be due to the steeper dip, causing a narrower zone where the conditions for slow slip are met. The prominent afterslip following the M=8 1995 Colima–Jalisco and M=7.2 2003 Tacoma megathrust earthquakes may also shrink the area available for episodic slow slip.
•Tremor gap found where the subducted Rivera–Cocos plate boundary is thought to occur.•Tremor recurrence is not correlated with time since the last megathrust earthquake.•First geodetic evidence for slow slip associated with subduction of Rivera plate.
Computers might well be said to work “like magic.” Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) allow computers to work predictably but inscrutably. Central to the design of GUIs are visual metaphors that help ...users understand the function of interface elements. In 1992, as GUIs were supplanting command-based interfaces, Snow Crash was published. In it, Neal Stephenson offers a new take on the SF/cyberpunk conceit of “cyberspace” with “the Metaverse,” a VR world Stephenson claims was inspired by real-world GUI design principles. Yet in Stephenson's 1999 essay “In the Beginning… was the Command Line,” the author rails against metaphor-based interfaces, claiming such software separates users from total control of their systems, control that can only be achieved by learning computer code. Similarly, in Snow Crash, programming code itself is cast as magical, an analog to a pre-Babelian speech that can control human minds as if they are computers. While Stephenson's novel does show that GUIs can constrain what users can do with their computers—as well as articulate ideas about what computers are for—it does something else. Despite its attack on GUIs, Snow Crash sees the appeal of cyberspace visions as rooted in a human desire to interact with computers in a human way. The real “magic” of making computers mean something on a human level occurs through metaphor-based mental operations which long predate computers.
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