An era of SARS‐COVID‐19 outbreak with a high contagious percentage around the globe has been the subject of multi‐agency research aimed at generating vaccines for active immunization. Scientists ...across the world are joining hands for advanced tie‐ups between medical start‐ups and pharmaceutical industries for devices and vaccines development to hinder the progress of this outbreak. Moreover, the questions that need to be answered are how to improve the effectiveness and efficacy of vaccines with reduced side effects and the required doses of vaccines for enhanced surveillance. In this review article, we have discussed the effectiveness and efficacy of different Covid‐19 vaccines.
One of the essential anthropogenic influences on urban climate is land-use/land-cover (LULC) change due to urbanization, which has a direct impact on land surface temperature (LST). However, LULC ...changes affect LST, and further, urban heat island (UHI) still needs to be investigated. In this study, we estimated changes in LULC from 1993 to 2018, its warming (positive) and cooling (negative) effect, and their contribution to relative LST (RLST) in the city of Islamabad using satellite remote-sensing data. The LULC was classified using a random forest (RF) classifier, and LST was retrieved by a standardized radiative transfer equation (RTE). Our results reveal that the impervious surfaces has increased by 11.9% on the cost of declining barren land, forest land, grass/agriculture land, and water bodies in the last 26 years. LULC conversion contributed warming effects such as forest land, water bodies, and grass/agriculture land transformed into impervious surfaces, inducing a warming contribution of 1.52 °C. In contrast, the replacement of barren land and impervious surfaces by forest land and water bodies may have a cooling contribution of −0.85 °C to RLST. Furthermore, based on the standardized scale (10%) of LULC changes, the conversion of forest land into impervious surfaces contributed 1% compared to back conversion by −0.2%. The positive contribution to UHI due to the transformation of a natural surface to the human-made surface was found higher than the negative (cooler) contribution due to continued anthropogenic activities. The information will be useful for urban managers and decision makers in land-use planning to control the soaring surface temperature for a comfortable living environment and sustainable cities.
The spatial error structure of surface precipitation derived from successive versions of the TRMM Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) algorithms are systematically studied through comparison ...with the Climate Prediction Center Unified Gauge daily precipitation Analysis (CPCUGA) over the Continental United States (CONUS) for 3 years from June 2008 to May 2011. The TMPA products include the version‐6(V6) and version‐7(V7) real‐time products 3B42RT (3B42RTV6 and 3B42RTV7) and research products 3B42 (3B42V6 and 3B42V7). The evaluation shows that 3B42V7 improves upon 3B42V6 over the CONUS regarding 3 year mean daily precipitation: the correlation coefficient (CC) increases from 0.85 in 3B42V6 to 0.92 in 3B42V7; the relative bias (RB) decreases from −22.95% in 3B42V6 to −2.37% in 3B42V7; and the root mean square error (RMSE) decreases from 0.80 in 3B42V6 to 0.48 mm in 3B42V7. Distinct improvement is notable in the mountainous West especially along the coastal northwest mountainous areas, whereas 3B42V6 (also 3B42RTV6 and 3B42RTV7) largely underestimates: the CC increases from 0.86 in 3B42V6 to 0.89 in 3B42V7, and the RB decreases from −44.17% in 3B42V6 to −25.88% in 3B42V7. Over the CONUS, 3B42RTV7 gained a little improvement over 3B42RTV6 as RB varies from −4.06% in 3B42RTV6 to 0.22% in 3B42RTV7. But there is more overestimation with the RB increasing from 8.18% to 14.92% (0.16–3.22%) over the central US (eastern).
Key Points
Quantified error structures of the latest two‐version TRMM products over CONUS
The 3B42V7 effectively improves upon Version‐6 products over the CONUS
The 3B42V6 has systematic gauge‐adjustment issues in central CONUS
To enrich any model and its dynamics introduction of delay is useful, that models a precise description of real-life phenomena. Differential equations in which current time derivatives count on the ...solution and its derivatives at a prior time are known as delay differential equations (DDEs). In this study, we are introducing new techniques for finding the numerical solution of fractional delay differential equations (FDDEs) based on the application of neural minimization (NM) by utilizing Chebyshev simulated annealing neural network (ChSANN) and Legendre simulated annealing neural network (LSANN). The main purpose of using Chebyshev and Legendre polynomials, along with simulated annealing (SA), is to reduce mean square error (MSE) that leads to more accurate numerical approximations. This study provides the application of ChSANN and LSANN for solving DDEs and FDDEs. Proposed schemes can be effortlessly executed by using Mathematica or MATLAB software to get explicit solutions. Computational outcomes are depicted, for various numerical experiments, numerically and graphically with error analysis to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the methods.
The Coupled Routing and Excess STorage model (CREST, jointly developed by the University of Oklahoma and NASA SERVIR) is a distributed hydrological model developed to simulate the spatial and ...temporal variation of land surface, and subsurface water fluxes and storages by cell-to-cell simulation. CREST's distinguishing characteristics include: (1) distributed rainfall–runoff generation and cell-to-cell routing; (2) coupled runoff generation and routing via three feedback mechanisms; and (3) representation of sub-grid cell variability of soil moisture storage capacity and sub-grid cell routing (via linear reservoirs). The coupling between the runoff generation and routing mechanisms allows detailed and realistic treatment of hydrological variables such as soil moisture. Furthermore, the representation of soil moisture variability and routing processes at the sub-grid scale enables the CREST model to be readily scalable to multi-scale modelling research. This paper presents the model development and demonstrates its applicability for a case study in the Nzoia basin located in Lake Victoria, Africa.Citation Wang, J., Yang, H., Li, L., Gourley, J. J., Sadiq, I. K., Yilmaz, K. K., Adler, R. F., Policelli, F. S., Habib, S., Irwn, D., Limaye, A. S., Korme, T. & Okello, L. (2011) The coupled routing and excess storage (CREST) distributed hydrological model. Hydrol. Sci. J.56(1), 84–98.
Developing wireless communication technologies is an ongoing process to satisfy the requirements of new applications and the increasing proliferation of interconnected devices. Using nonorthogonal ...multiple access (NOMA) and backscatter communication (BC) has surfaced as an advantageous approach for enhancing energy efficiency (EE), maximizing sum rates, ensuring security, and optimizing resource allocation. NOMA permits multiple users to share time and frequency resources even without the requirement of antenna arrays, whereas BC employs ambient RF signals for low-power communication. By integrating the advantages of NOMA and BC, NOMA-based BC provides a solution for future energy-efficient and low-power networks. Despite its potential, there is a lack of a comprehensive overview of NOMA-BC, necessitating a systematic survey that covers its principles, applications, challenges, and future directions. This survey aims to bridge the gap by exploring NOMA-BC within beyond fifth generation (B5G) and 6G networks. We delve into its technical aspects, performance optimization techniques, and real-world applications to enhance understanding and knowledge. First, we cover topics, such as enhancing EE, maximizing the sum rates, ensuring security, and analyzing performance. Our primary goal is to provide researchers and practitioners with valuable insights that enable them to grasp the capabilities and benefits of NOMA-BC. To achieve this, we comprehensively analyze the performance of various schemes by presenting detailed summary tables. These analyses cover a range of scenarios, methods, and objectives, focusing on emerging B5G technologies, such as reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS), visible light communication (VLC), and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) communication. By examining NOMA-BC's effectiveness within these contexts, we aim to provide a holistic view of its potential and applicability in diverse technological domains. Moreover, our survey identifies and discusses open research challenges and proposes future directions to guide researchers toward unexplored areas and facilitate advancements in NOMA-BC.
Floods are among the most catastrophic natural disasters around the globe impacting human lives and infrastructure. Implementation of a flood prediction system can potentially help mitigate ...flood-induced hazards. Such a system typically requires implementation and calibration of a hydrologic model using in situ observations (i.e., rain and stream gauges). Recently, satellite remote sensing data have emerged as a viable alternative or supplement to in situ observations due to their availability over vast ungauged regions. The focus of this study is to integrate the best available satellite products within a distributed hydrologic model to characterize the spatial extent of flooding and associated hazards over sparsely gauged or ungauged basins. We present a methodology based entirely on satellite remote sensing data to set up and calibrate a hydrologic model, simulate the spatial extent of flooding, and evaluate the probability of detecting inundated areas. A raster-based distributed hydrologic model, Coupled Routing and Excess STorage (CREST), was implemented for the Nzoia basin, a subbasin of Lake Victoria in Africa. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Terra-based and Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer-based flood inundation maps were produced over the region and used to benchmark the distributed hydrologic model simulations of inundation areas. The analysis showed the value of integrating satellite data such as precipitation, land cover type, topography, and other products along with space-based flood inundation extents as inputs to the distributed hydrologic model. We conclude that the quantification of flooding spatial extent through optical sensors can help to calibrate and evaluate hydrologic models and, hence, potentially improve hydrologic prediction and flood management strategies in ungauged catchments.
Today people are witnessing the rapid evolvement in every area. This is because of the emerging trends in communication technology and autonomous unmanned vehicles. These trends have led us towards ...the high standards of health, energy, transportation, monitoring, and surveillance of huge domestic and industrial projects. Thus, this review paper presents the integration of the latest trend in communication technology, i.e., Internet of things (IoT) with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). This manuscript not only reviews the use of IoT-enabled unmanned aerial vehicles for inspecting the several construction sites but also emphasizes the utilization of such IoT-enabled autonomous aerial vehicles for ensuring the health and safety measures at the site. It discusses the major limitations and shortcomings of state-of-the-art techniques for the same purpose, i.e., optimization issues in path planning, lightweight artificial intelligence (AI) and computer vision algorithms, coordination in communication using IoT, and scalability of IoT network. Thus, this paper shall help the reader to explore different open research problems in-depth.
Flood disasters have significant impacts on the development of communities globally. This study describes a public cloud-based flood cyber-infrastructure (CyberFlood) that collects, organizes, ...visualizes, and manages several global flood databases for authorities and the public in real-time, providing location-based eventful visualization as well as statistical analysis and graphing capabilities. In order to expand and update the existing flood inventory, a crowdsourcing data collection methodology is employed for the public with smartphones or Internet to report new flood events, which is also intended to engage citizen-scientists so that they may become motivated and educated about the latest developments in satellite remote sensing and hydrologic modeling technologies. Our shared vision is to better serve the global water community with comprehensive flood information, aided by the state-of-the-art cloud computing and crowd-sourcing technology. The CyberFlood presents an opportunity to eventually modernize the existing paradigm used to collect, manage, analyze, and visualize water-related disasters.
•We elaborate the global flood disaster community cyber-infrastructure (CyberFlood).•Cloud-based service is integrated to provide map and statistic visualization.•A crowdsourcing methodology is employed to enable the public to report flood events.•This CyberFlood presents an opportunity to modernize the way of managing flood data.
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•Elemental content of P. longum catkin were analyzed by ICP-OES and ICP-MS.•PLAgNPs, PLCuONPs, and PLNiNPs were synthesized under different conditions.•P. longum catkin has shown ...toxic elements content below the permissible ranges.•PLNPs showed significant cytotoxicity against DU-145 prostate cancer cell line.•PLNPs exhibited potent antioxidant, antimicrobial, and catalytic activities.
Piper longum (long pepper) in dried form is used in several traditional medicines and as a spice. The present study highlights nutritional and toxic elements content, synthesis, and characterization of silver, copper oxide, and nickel nanoparticles using P. longum catkin extract. The study also determined anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and redox catalytic activities of the synthesized NPs. The P. longum extract mediated nanoparticles (PLNPs) synthesized at different pH and ratios were characterized by UV–Vis (ultra-violet-visible), FT-IR (Fourier-Transform infrared), and scanning electron and atomic force microscopic (SEM, AFM) techniques. Elemental content of P. longum catkin determined by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and ICP-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) indicated appreciable concentrations of nutritional elements, and well below permissible ranges of toxic elements. Well-defined and stable silver nanoparticles (PLAgNPs) were formed in 1:4 to 1:6 ratios, while copper oxide and nickel NPs (PLCuONPs and PLNiNPs) were found prominent in 1:6 ratio. In determining the effect of pH on synthesized PLNPs, sharp intense absorption peaks were obtained under slightly neutral to highly basic conditions (pH 6 to 13) for PLAgNPs, whereas for PLCuONPs and PLNiNPs, pH 7–8 was optimum. In biological activities, PLNPs exhibited significant anticancer efficacy against DU-145 (prostate cancer) cell line in the range from 92.7% (PLCuONPs) to 100% (PLAgNPs, PLNiNPs). Fuurthermore, the sythesized NPs exhibited significant antioxidant, antimicrobial, and redox catalytic properties. This study concluded the promising nutritional, biological and environmental remediation applications, and hence, further exploration of the synthesized NPs in biological and clinical applications is currently under investigation.
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