Rosenkopf and Nerkar (2001) examined the relationship between patents with a boundary-spanning exploration of organizations and technological domains and their impact on subsequent technological ...evolution, using patent data for optical disks as the technological domain. However, the results of their analysis will be affected by the size of the technological domain itself. Therefore, this study analyzes and compares (a) vector control technology for electric motors and (b) the larger technology domain that includes (a). The results indicate that in the case of (a), vector control technology, even when a boundary-spanning exploration is conducted, there is some outside impact, but no domain impact. By comparison, in the larger technology area (b), there was some domain impact, but less outside impact. In other words, the hypotheses were partially supported for vector control technology in electric motors; however, the wider the technological domain, the stronger the domain impact and the weaker the outside impact tended to be, and the impact is dependent on the granularity with which the technology field is defined.
The study simulated the impact of compact city policies on urban services and urban finances by employing a dynamic and spatial land use/transport model. The Metropolitan Activity Relocation ...Simulator (MARS) was selected as the dynamic and spatial land use/transport model to analyze dynamic urban aggregation changes over time. However, it was not possible to simulate the compact city policies under population decline using the existing MARS. Thus, to dynamically simulate the compact city policies, the MARS was adapted by adding two additional sub-models focused on urban service levels and urban finances. The urban service levels and urban finances were then analyzed during the aggregation process to simulate the policies for a compact city with a declining population. Subsequently, the urban service levels and urban finances were analyzed during the consolidation by simulating the policies for a compact city with a declining population. The findings showed that the disparities in urban areas and suburban public service levels widened, and the local government costs increased by implementing the policy. It was, therefore, concluded that the development of a compact city might be a relief to this situation under continuing population decline, and the implementation of subsidy and preferential treatment policies are greatly required to move residents to urban areas and encourage the compact city.
•MARS dynamically simulates various policy scenarios for analyzing urban service levels and finances.•The analysis of urban service levels and finances clarifies the feasibility of compact cities under population declines.•The compact city implementation can decrease public facility densities and increase travel costs in suburban zones.•Local governments should implement compact city policies and improve urban management efficiency.
Novel ideas tend to be resisted within existing organizations. Mobilizing resources requires that legitimacy be secured in some form. In the case of the development of JR Central's 300-series ...Shinkansen, Japan National Railway, which had existed to date, was broken up and privatized, and JR Central, which generated most of its revenue from the Shinkansen, was established, limiting players and allowing the company to gain the approval of most internal organizations. In other words, the company was able to acquire legitimacy by increasing the ratio of supporters rather than the absolute number of supporters.
Poultry are farmed globally, with chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) being the leading domesticated species. Although domestic chicken bones have been reported from some Early Holocene sites, their ...origin is controversial and there is no reliable domestic chicken bone older than the Middle Holocene. Here, we studied goose bones from Tianluoshan—a 7,000-y-old rice cultivation village in the lower Yangtze River valley, China—using histological, geochemical, biochemical, and morphological approaches. Histological analysis revealed that one of the bones was derived from a locally bred chick, although no wild goose species breed in southern China. The analysis of oxygen-stable isotope composition supported this observation and further revealed that some of the mature bones were also derived from locally bred individuals. The nitrogen-stable isotope composition showed that locally bred mature birds fed on foods different from those eaten by migrant individuals. Morphological analysis revealed that the locally bred mature birds were homogenous in size, whereas radiocarbon dating clearly demonstrated that the samples from locally bred individuals were ∼7,000 y old. The histological, geochemical, biochemical, morphological, and contextual evidence suggest that geese at Tianluoshan village were at an early stage of domestication. The goose population appears to have been maintained for several generations without the introduction of individuals from other populations and may have been fed cultivated paddy rice. These findings indicate that goose domestication dates back 7,000 y, making geese the oldest domesticated poultry species in history.
The chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) is the most widespread domestic animal in the world. However, the timings and locations of their domestication have remained debatable for over a century. ...China, and particularly northern China, has been claimed as one of the early centers for the domestication of chickens, because many chicken remains have been discovered at a number of archaeological sites. However, the identification of archaeological domestic chicken bones from early Holocene sites in China remains contentious. In this study, we analyzed 1831 bird bones, which included 429 bones previously recorded as “domestic chicken” from 18 Neolithic and early Bronze Age sites in central and northern China. Although morphological species identification criteria for the bones of 55 modern Chinese Phasianidae species, including the domestic chicken and wild red junglefowls, have not yet been fully established, upon reanalysis none of the “domestic chicken” bones were derived from chickens. In addition, bones determined to be candidate chicken bones were found at only 2 of the 18 sites, suggesting that chickens were neither widely kept nor distributed in central and northern China during the early and middle Holocene period. Further studies that combine analyses of morphology, ancient DNA, and radiocarbon dating are required to fully reveal the origin and history of the domestic chicken in northern China.
•The first, early Holocene chicken domestication has been alleged in northern China.•We analyzed 280 Holocene Phasianidae bones from 18 sites in central/northern China.•Candidate chicken bones were rare and only found after middle Holocene layers.•It suggests chickens were not widely kept in northern China in the early Holocene.
In this paper, we consider the weak solution to the nonstationary Navier-Stokes equations approximated by the pressure stabilization method in bounded
C
2
,
1
domain. In a similar way to Saal ...(Existence and regularity of weak solutions for the Navier-Stokes equations with partial slip boundary conditions, (preprint)), by using the
L
p
-
L
q
maximal regularity theorem, we prove the existence theorem for the weak solution to our problem. Moreover for
n
=
2
, we also prove the uniqueness theorem for the weak solution to our problem.
Archaeological evidence indicates that dogs appeared in Japan at least 9300 years ago, during the Jomon period. The Jomon period dogs (Jomon dogs) retained the morphological characteristics of ...ancient domestic dogs throughout the Jomon period, possibly due to their geographical isolation from continental dogs. Therefore, we expect them to retain the genetic characteristics of ancient domestic dogs. To explore this possibility, we determined the mitochondrial genomes of five Jomon dogs, including one of the oldest dogs in Japan (7400–7200 cal BP), and seven late-8th-century Japanese dogs (Suwada dogs). We analyzed these sequences with 719 mitochondrial genomes of ancient and modern canids. The dog mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences have been grouped into six clades (haplogroups A–F), and clade A comprises six sub-clades (sub-haplogroups A1–A6). Classification of the Jomon dogs’ mtDNA haplotypes revealed that these dogs belong to a nested A2/A3 sub-haplogroup not shared by other modern or ancient samples. The mtDNA sequences of Jomon dogs form a monophyletic clade which is sister to the A3 sub-clade in the phylogenetic trees. Network analysis showed that the Jomon dogs’ mtDNA sub-clade diverged close to the base of the A2 and A3 haplotype network, which was centered by an ancient dog from South China. The Jomon dog mtDNAs diverged from A3 (~11500 years ago) soon after the A2 and A3 divergence (~12800 years ago), indicating early divergence of the Jomon dogs’ sub-clade. These results suggest that the Jomon dogs were possibly introduced into the Japanese archipelago 11500–9300 years ago. The mtDNAs of late-8th-century dogs were more diverse and were different haplogroups than that of Jomon dogs, suggesting that other haplogroups likely replaced the haplogroup of Jomon dogs through the introduction of dogs that accompanied the migration of people into Japan in later periods.
Positional distribution of electrical resistivity and crystalline lattice constant of Ga-doped ZnO films deposited by the magnetron spattering method at room temperature have been investigated. ...Electrical resistivity and c-axis lattice constant strongly depended on substrate position and substrate–target distance when the films were deposited without substrate heating. Films deposited at the positions facing erosion region showed higher electrical resistivity, less carrier density and elongated c-axis lattice constant than those deposited at the other positions. These films showed exponential-like change of resistivity and carrier density as a function of c-axis lattice constant in a wide range of substrate–target distance. Thermal annealing decreased resistivity and c-axis lattice constant of the as-deposited films and homogenized the positional distribution of their properties. Comparison of electrical and structural changes between before and after the annealing revealed that there are at least three types of defect in the sputtered Ga-doped ZnO films that affect carrier density and mobility with different annealing behaviors.
•As-deposited films show an exponential-like resistivity change with c-axis length.•Thermal annealing changes electrical and structural properties.•Three different types of defect exist in the as-deposited films.
The Tokaido Shinkansen began operating in 1964 and ran at globally unprecedented speeds of more than 200 kmph. Comparison with the operating speed of aircraft necessitated further improvement of the ...operating speed of Shinkansen. Nevertheless, there was no improvement until 20 years. During that period, the maximum speed of test cars, the highest technically feasible speed, improved. Rather than technical factors, the following social and organizational factors impeded the improvement of the operating speed. (1) The social factor was the prioritization of environmental countermeasures to improvements in speed because of the noise pollution lawsuits and noise regulation. (2) The organizational factor was the need to secure the slack time due to frequent strikes and delays when Shinkansen was managed by Japan National Railways (JNR). However, around the time of the splitting and privatization of JNR in 1987, noise regulation was relaxed and lawsuits were settled. Furthermore, the labor movement settled down with the privatization of JNR; consequently, labor unions were dismantled. These events resolved preventive factors and led to the improvement of operating speeds.
Epigenetic disruptions have been implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders. NSD2 is associated with developmental delay/intellectual disability; however, its role in brain development and function ...remains unclear.
We performed transcriptomic and epigenetic analyses using
knockout mice to better understand the role of NSD2 in the brain.
Transcriptomic analysis revealed that the loss of NSD2 caused dysregulation of genes related to synaptic transmission and formation. By analyzing changes in H3 lysine 36 dimethylation (H3K36me2), NSD2-mediated H3K36me2 mainly marked quiescent state regions and the redistribution of H3K36me2 occurred at transcribed genes and enhancers. By integrating transcriptomic and epigenetic data, we observed that H3K36me2 changes in a subset of dysregulated genes related to synaptic transmission and formation. These results suggest that NSD2 is involved in the regulation of genes important for neural function through H3K36me2. Our findings provide insights into the role of NSD2 and improve our understanding of epigenetic regulation in the brain.
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