We provide analysis to determine the effects of gravitational waves on electromagnetic waves, using perturbation theory in general relativity. Our analysis is performed in a completely covariant ...manner without invoking any coordinates. For a given observer, using the geometrical-optics approach, we work out the perturbations of the phase, amplitude, frequency and polarization properties–axes of ellipse and ellipticity of light, due to gravitational waves. With regard to the observation of gravitational waves, we discuss the measurement of Stokes parameters, through which the antenna patterns are presented to show the detectability of the gravitational wave signals.
Hydrochromic materials find great utility in a wide range of applications including humidity sensing and measuring the water contents of organic solvents, as well as substrates for rewritable paper ...and human sweat pore mapping. Herein, an inkjet printable diacetylene (DA) is described that can be transformed by UV irradiation to a hydrochromic‐conjugated polymer on conventional paper. Specifically, an amphiphilic DA that contains an imidazolium ion head‐group is found to be compatible with a common office inkjet printer. Various computer‐designed images are printed on paper using this substance. UV irradiation of the printed images results in the generation of blue‐colored images associated with formation of a polydiacetylene (PDA). The resolutions of the images are almost identical to those generated using a conventional black ink. Importantly, the printed images undergo a blue‐to‐red color change upon exposure to water and the hydrochromism is found to be temperature dependent. The facile color change that occurs near body temperatures enables use of the hydrochromic PDA‐coated paper for rapid and precise mapping of human sweat pores from fingers, palms, and feet.
Inkjet printing of an aqueous solution of amphiphilic diacetylene followed by UV‐irradiation results in the generation of hydrochromic polydiacetylene on conventional paper. The polydiacetylene‐coated paper, which displays temperature‐dependent hydrochromism corresponding to a facile color change at near body temperature, enables a rapid and precise mapping of human sweat pores from fingers, palms, and feet.
In this ground-breaking investigation into the seldom-studied film culture of colonial Korea (1910-1945), Dong Hoon Kim brings new perspectives to the associations between colonialism, modernity, ...film historiography, and national cinema. In its attempt to reconstruct lost intricacies of colonial film history,Eclipsed Cinemaexplores the under-investigated aspects of colonial film culture such as the representational politics of colonial cinema, the film unit of the colonial government, the social reception of Hollywood cinema in relation to emerging Korean nationalism, Japanese settlers' film culture, and gendered film spectatorship. By filling a significant void in Asian film history,Eclipsed Cinemagreatly expands the critical and historical scopes of early cinema, Korean and Japanese film histories, modern Asian culture, and colonial and postcolonial studies.
Exceptional challenges have confronted the rational design of colorimetric sensors for saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons (SAHCs). The main reasons for this difficulty are the extremely nonpolar nature ...of these targets and their lack of functional groups that can interact with probes. By taking advantage of a mechanochromic conjugated polydiacetylene (PDA) and the hydrocarbon‐induced swelling properties of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), a sensor film that enables simple, colorimetric differentiation between a variety of C5 to C14 aliphatic hydrocarbons is fabricated. The unprecedented PDA–PDMS composite sensor undergoes a blue‐to‐red colorimetric transition on a timescale that is dependent on the chain length of the hydrocarbon target. In addition, the development of the red color is directly proportional to the swelling ratio of the film. This straightforward approach enables naked‐eye differentiation between n‐pentane and n‐heptane. The versatility of the sensor system is demonstrated by using it for the colorimetric determination of kerosene in adulterated diesel oil. Finally, the observation that a PDA microcrystal in the film undergoes significant expansion and tearing in concert with a blue‐to‐red colorimetric transition during the swelling process provides direct evidence for the mechanism for the mechanochromic behavior of the PDA.
By taking advantage of a mechanochromic conjugated polydiacetylene (PDA) and the hydrocarbon‐induced swelling properties of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), a sensor film that enables colorimetric differentiation among saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons (SAHCs) is developed. The unprecedented PDA–PDMS composite sensor undergoes a blue‐to‐red colorimetric transition that is dependent on the chain length of the hydrocarbon target.
Light undergoes perturbation as gravitational waves pass by. This is shown by solving Maxwell’s equations in a spacetime with gravitational waves; a solution exhibits a perturbation due to ...gravitational waves. We determine the perturbation for a general case of both light and gravitational waves propagating in arbitrary directions. It is also shown that a perturbation of light due to gravitational waves leads to a delay of the photon transit time, which implies an equivalence between the perturbation analysis of Maxwell’s equations and the null geodesic analysis for photon propagation. We present an example of application of this principle with regard to the detection of gravitational waves via a pulsar timing array, wherein our perturbation analysis for the general case is employed to show how the detector response varies with the incident angle of a light pulse with respect to the detector.
Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Shigella flexneri are well-known food-borne pathogens causing severe food poisoning at low infectious doses. Bacteriophages have been approved for food applications by ...the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and have been suggested as natural food preservatives to control specific food-borne pathogens. To develop a novel natural food preservative against E. coli O157:H7 and S. flexneri, a new bacteriophage needs to be isolated and characterized.
Bacteriophage HY01 infecting both E. coli O157:H7 and S. flexneri was isolated from a swine fecal sample. HY01 belongs to the family Myoviridae and is stable under various temperature and pH conditions. One-step growth curve analysis showed relatively short eclipse and latent periods as well as large burst size. The 167-kb genome sequence of HY01 was sequenced, and a comparative genome analysis with T4 for non-O157:H7 E. coli suggests that the receptor recognition protein of HY01 plays an important role in determination of host recognition and specificity. In addition, food applications using edible cabbage were conducted with two E. coli O157:H7 strains (ATCC 43890 and ATCC 43895), showing that treatment with HY01 inhibits these clinical and food isolates with >2 log reductions in bacterial load during the first 2 h of incubation.
HY01 can inhibit both E. coli O157:H7 and S. flexneri with large burst size and stability under stress conditions. The ability of HY01 to infect both E. coli O157:H7 and S. flexneri may be derived from the presence of two different host specificity-associated tail genes in the genome. Food applications revealed the specific ability of HY01 to inhibit both pathogens in food, suggesting its potential as a novel biocontrol agent or novel natural food preservative against E. coli O157:H7 and potentially S. flexneri.
We examined the residence time, seepage rate, and submarine groundwater discharge (SGD)-driven dissolved nutrients and organic matter in Hwasun Bay, Jeju Island, Korea during the occurrence of a ...typhoon, Kong-rey, using a humic fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM
)-Si mass balance model. The study period spanned October 4-10, 2018. One day after the typhoon, the residence time and seepage rate were calculated to be 1 day and 0.51 m day
, respectively, and the highest SGD-driven fluxes of chemical constituents were estimated (1.7 × 10
mol day
for dissolved inorganic nitrogen, 0.1 × 10
mol day
for dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP), 1.1 × 10
mol day
for dissolved silicon, 0.5 × 10
mol day
for dissolved organic carbon, 1.6 × 10
mol day
for dissolved organic nitrogen, 0.4 × 10
mol day
for particulate organic carbon, and 38 × 10
g QS day
for FDOM
). SGD-driven fluxes of dissolved nutrient and organic matter were over 90% of the total input fluxes in Hwasun Bay. Our results highlight the potential of using the FDOM
-Si mass balance model to effectively measure SGD within a specific area (i.e., volcanic islands) under specific weather conditions (i.e., typhoon/storm). In oligotrophic oceanic regions, SGD-driven chemical fluxes from highly permeable islands considerably contribute to coastal nutrient budgets and coastal biological production.
Blood continually contributes to the maintenance of homeostasis of the body and contains information regarding the health state of an individual. However, current hematological analyses predominantly ...rely on a limited number of CD markers and morphological analysis. In this work, differentially sensitive fluorescent compounds based on TCF scaffolds are introduced that are designed for fluorescent phenotyping of blood. Depending on their structures, TCF compounds displayed varied responses to reactive oxygen species, biothiols, redox‐related biomolecules, and hemoglobin, which are the primary influential factors within blood. Contrary to conventional CD marker‐based analysis, this unbiased fluorescent phenotyping method produces diverse fingerprints of the health state. Precise discrimination of blood samples from 37 mice was demonstrated based on their developmental stages, ranging from 10 to 19 weeks of age. Additionally, this fluorescent phenotyping method enabled the differentiation between drugs with distinct targets, serving as a simple yet potent tool for pharmacological analysis to understand the mode of action of various drugs.
A differential sensing approach is demonstrated to distinguish distinct aging status of mouse using TCF probes. Despite there is no reliable CD markers selective for aging progress, cross‐reactivity of TCF probes generates unique fingerprint of aging by blood cell analysis.
At ambient temperature (25 °C), bioelectrochemical anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge was investigated with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 10 days and compared to that at a mesophilic ...condition (35 °C). The methane production and methane content in the biogas at ambient temperature were 612.8 mL/L·d and 73.3%, respectively, which were not significantly lower than that of the mesophilic condition. Additionally, the VS removal was 54.5% which was similar for both temperature conditions. However, for a HRT of 20 days, the bioelectrochemical anaerobic digestion at ambient temperature became more stable, and the VS removal improved up to 65.0%. For the HRT of 10 days, the net energy production at ambient temperature was about 168 kJ/L·d, which was similar to the mesophilic condition; however, the apparent energy efficiency at ambient temperature was 249.2% which was significantly higher than 197.7% at the mesophilic condition. The bioelectrochemical anaerobic digestion that can save the thermal energy input at ambient temperature is recommended for the treatment of organic waste including sewage sludge in moderate and cold climate regions.
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•The bioelectrochemical anaerobic digestion (BEAD) has advantages at ambient temperature.•CH4 production at 25 °C in BEAD is not significantly reduced compared to 35 °C.•Apparent energy efficiency (249.2%) at 25 °C in BEAD is higher than at 197.2% at 35 °C.•Extending HRT in BEAD improves the process stability and VS removal at 25 °C.•BEAD for organic waste at 25 °C is a feasible process in moderate and cold regions.
Fertility-sparing treatment (FST) might be considered an option for reproductive patients with low-risk endometrial cancer (EC). On the other hand, the matching rates between preoperative assessment ...and postoperative pathology in low-risk EC patients are not high enough. We aimed to predict the postoperative pathology depending on preoperative myometrial invasion (MI) and grade in low-risk EC patients to help extend the current criteria for FST. This ancillary study (KGOG 2015S) of Korean Gynecologic Oncology Group 2015, a prospective, multicenter study included patients with no MI or MI <1/2 on preoperative MRI and endometrioid adenocarcinoma and grade 1 or 2 on endometrial biopsy. Among the eligible patients, Groups 1-4 were defined with no MI and grade 1, no MI and grade 2, MI <1/2 and grade 1, and MI <1/2 and grade 2, respectively. New prediction models using machine learning were developed. Among 251 eligible patients, Groups 1-4 included 106, 41, 74, and 30 patients, respectively. The new prediction models showed superior prediction values to those from conventional analysis. In the new prediction models, the best NPV, sensitivity, and AUC of preoperative each group to predict postoperative each group were as follows: 87.2%, 71.6%, and 0.732 (Group 1); 97.6%, 78.6%, and 0.656 (Group 2); 71.3%, 78.6% and 0.588 (Group 3); 91.8%, 64.9%, and 0.676% (Group 4). In low-risk EC patients, the prediction of postoperative pathology was ineffective, but the new prediction models provided a better prediction.
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