When an English word ending in a stop is adapted to Korean, a vowel is variably inserted after the final stop. Vowel insertion in this position is surprising because voiceless stops are permissible ...in coda position in Korean and it is not motivated by Korean native phonology. This study examines five factors that have been hypothesized to affect the likelihood of vowel insertion, i.e., tenseness of the pre-final vowel, voicing and place of the English final stop, word size and final stress. These possibilities were tested using a corpus of Korean loanwords whose source word ends in a stop. Patterns of vowel insertion were classified as no vowel insertion, vowel insertion, or optional vowel insertion, and analyzed using multinomial regression modeling. The results confirmed that all the relevant factors significantly increased the likelihood of vowel insertion and optional vowel insertion patterns relative to no vowel insertion patterns compared with the reference condition rates. These findings suggest that particular features indeed impact production patterns in loanword phonology. My Results support the need for further research into how other possible auditory factors such as stop release may shape speech perception in loanword adaptation.
Bacillus genus produces several secondary metabolites with biocontrol ability against various phytopathogens. Bacillus velezensis AK-0 (AK-0), an antagonistic strain isolated from Korean ginseng ...rhizospheric soil, was found to exhibit antagonistic activity against several phytopathogens. To further display the genetic mechanism of the biocontrol traits of AK-0, we report the complete genome sequence of AK-0 and compared it with complete genome sequences of closely related strains. We report the biocontrol activity of AK-0 against apple bitter rot caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, which could lead to commercialization of this strain as a microbial biopesticide in Korea. To retain its biocontrol efficacy for a longer period, AK-0 has been formulated with ingredients for commercialization, named AK-0 product formulation (AK-0PF). AK-0PF played a role in the suppression of the mycelial growth of the fungicide-resistant pathogen C. gloeosporioides YCHH4 at a greater level than the non-treated control. Moreover, AK-0PF exhibited greater disease suppression of bitter rot in matured under field conditions. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of the AK-0 strain, which has a 3,969,429 bp circular chromosome with 3808 genes and a G+C content of 46.5%. The genome sequence of AK-0 provides a greater understanding of the Bacillus species, which displays biocontrol activity via secondary metabolites. The genome has eight potential secondary metabolite biosynthetic clusters, among which, ituD and bacD genes were expressed at a greater level than other genes. This work provides a better understanding of the strain AK-0, as an effective biocontrol agent (BCA) against phytopathogens, including bitter rot in apple.
This paper presents a 1600-pixel integrated neural stimulator with a correlated double-sampling readout (DSR) circuit for a subretinal prosthesis. The retinal stimulation chip inserted beneath the ...photoreceptor layer comprises an array of an active pixel sensor (APS) and biphasic pulse shaper. The DSR circuit achieves a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the APS with a short integration time to simultaneously improve the temporal and spatial resolutions of restored vision. This DSR circuit is adopted along with a 5 × 5-pixel tile, which reduces pixel size and improves the SNR by increasing the area occupied by storage capacitors. Moreover, a low-mismatch reference generator enables a low standard deviation between individual pulse shapers. The 1600-pixel retinal chip, fabricated using the 0.18 μm 1P6M CMOS process, occupies a total area of 4.3 mm × 3.3 mm and dissipates an average power of 3.4 mW; this was demonstrated by determining the stimulus current patterns corresponding to the illuminations of an LCD projector. Experimental results show that the proposed high-density stimulation array chip can achieve a high temporal resolution owing to its short integration time.
Multiblock copolymers (MBCs) are an emerging class of synthetic polymers that exhibit different macromolecular architectures and behaviours to those of homopolymers or di/triblock copolymers. Owing ...to the rapidly expanding field of synthetic methodologies applied in the field of polymer chemistry, sequenced controlled MBCs are becoming the new functional materials of this decade. MBCs can now be synthesised with precision and control unlike before and yet some of the synthetic limitations remain a challenge. In this review article, we summarise the various synthetic methodologies that have been reported to date with recent advances in different polymerisation techniques and applications.
Multiblock copolymers (MBCs) are an emerging class of synthetic polymers that exhibit different macromolecular architectures and behaviours to those of homopolymers or di/triblock copolymers.
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•Intracellular metabolites of yeast and E. coli were compared depending on media.•Sugars and fatty acids were higher in minimal than complex media.•Amino acids were higher in complex ...than minimal media.•Intracellular metabolite profiles were dependent on the culture media type.
Culture media are important environmental factors in microbial growth, and strongly affect various cellular metabolic processes. This study used metabolomics to investigate the effect of minimal and complex media on the metabolic profiles of microorganisms. The intracellular metabolic profiles of Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, cultivated in these media, were analyzed by gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Of the 120 intracellular metabolites identified in the two microorganisms, the levels of amino acids, essential for protein synthesis and cell growth, were significantly higher in the complex than in the minimal media cultures. In contrast, the levels of sugars, sugar alcohols, and fatty acids were significantly higher in the organisms grown in the minimal than in complex media. These results suggest that the cells prepare their metabolism for survival in the minimal media whereas they are actively engaged in rapid growth in the complex media.
The present study examined the well-known data in which the onset of the third syllable is flapped in capitalistic whereas it is aspirated in militaristic even though both words have the same stress ...pattern and syllable structure. While a number of studies have considered several different approaches in this discussion including paradigm uniformity effect, foot-based analyses, optimality theoretic (OT) accounts, and analogy, there has been no research that seeks to account for the possibility that the underlying /t/’s of those two words can be realized as both aspirated and flapped by speakers of American English. This study basically follows a prosodic foot-based account to explain this phenomenon and attempts to capture the variant realizations using the audio pronunciation listed in eleven different online dictionaries within the Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) Model, which is a probabilistic model that assigns each candidate a probability rather than picking a single winner as in standard OT. The frequency data observed from those dictionaries were fed into MaxEnt to see if the learned grammar can successfully predict the observed frequency. The current simulation results show that the frequency found in the actual linguistic data corresponds to that predicted by the training corpus data, which indicates that the learned grammar is able to accurately reproduce the observed frequency. These findings suggest that MaxEnt modeling has a more explanatory power than classical OT analyses in that it can serve to account for grammars involving free variation. KCI Citation Count: 0
Increasing software usage has gradually increased the occurrence of bugs. When writing a bug report, the severity of the bug can be freely selected, so the subjective judgment of the author is ...involved. In subjective judgment, a severity error may occur depending on the background knowledge between the user and the developer. To resolve this problem, in this paper, the severity was predicted using the feature selection algorithm of the severity of each topic. We utilize the dataset in Eclipse and Mozilla open source projects. First, we classify bug reports by topic-based severity, and extract features from the severity of each topic. The severity was predicted by learning the characteristics from the CNN-LSTM algorithm, and the F-measure was 90.62% and 93.22% of Mozilla. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed model, we compared the baselines including DeepSeverity and EWD-Multinomial studies with Eclipse and Mozilla open source projects and showed that the proposed model is more efficient.
In November 2021, 14 international travel-related severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) B.1.1.529 (omicron) variant of concern (VOC) patients were detected in South Korea. ...Epidemiologic investigation revealed community transmission of the omicron VOC. A total of 80 SARS-CoV-2 omicron VOC-positive patients were identified until December 10, 2021 and 66 of them reported no relation to the international travel. There may be more transmissions with this VOC in Korea than reported.
Antibiotics are the most common pharmaceutical compounds, and they have been extensively used for the prevention and treatment of bacterial diseases for more than 50 years. However, merely a small ...fraction of antibiotics is metabolized in the body, while the rest is discharged into the environment through excretion, which can cause potential ecological problems and human health risks. In this study, the elimination of seventeen antibiotics from real livestock wastewater effluents was investigated by UV/TiO2 advanced oxidation process. The effect of process parameters, such as TiO2 loadings, solution pHs, and antibiotic concentrations, on the efficiency of the UV/TiO2 process was assessed. The degradation efficiency was affected by the solution pH, and higher removal efficiency was observed at pH 5.8 and 9.9, while the catalyst loading had no significant effect on the degradation efficiency at these experimental conditions. UV photolysis showed a good removal efficiency of the antibiotics. However, the highest removal efficiency was shown by the UV/photocatalyst system due to their synergistic effects. The results showed that more than 90% of antibiotics were removed by UV/TiO2 system during the 60 min illumination, while the corresponding TOC and COD removal was only 10 and 13%, respectively. The results of the current study indicated that UV/TiO2 advanced oxidation process is a promising method for the elimination of various types of antibiotics from real livestock wastewater effluents.
Abstract Objectives Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease characterized by synovial inflammation and hyperplasia. Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) in RA exhibit a tumor ...cell-like aggressive phenotype. Thus, gas chromatography/time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (GC/TOF-MS) was employed to identify the characteristic metabolic profiling of RA FLS. Methods Metabolite profiling of RA FLS and osteoarthritis (OA) FLS was performed using GC/TOF-MS in conjunction with statistical analyses. We performed metabolite set enrichment analysis to establish which pathways are affected. Results A total of 129 metabolites were identified. A principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis demonstrated clear differentiation of the metabolic profiling between RA FLS and OA FLS. The levels of 35 metabolites that belonged to the amines, fatty acids, phosphates, and organic acids class were significantly increased in RA FLS compared to those in OA FLS. Also, the levels of 26 metabolites that belonged to the amino acids, sugars, and sugar alcohols class were significantly decreased in RA FLS compared to those in OA FLS. The sugar metabolism (glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway) and amino acid metabolism (tyrosine and catecholamine biosynthesis, and protein biosynthesis) were severely disturbed in RA FLS compared to those in OA FLS. Conclusions Our metabolic results suggested that the alteration of sugar metabolism, lipolysis, and amino acid metabolism in RA FLS is related to synovial hyperplasia and inflammation. This is the first metabolomic study to determine metabolic changes characteristic of RA FLS, which will provide valuable information to gain in-depth insights into the pathogenesis of RA.
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