This study examines the relationships between information and communication technology (ICT) usage and CO2 emissions considering economic growth, trade openness, and renewable electricity in the ...Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development countries for the period 1990–2018. It adopts pooled mean group (PMG) estimation based on the autoregressive distributed lag model. The PMG estimates indicate that although the coefficient value is small, ICT progress acts as a factor in increasing CO2 emissions in the long run. However, there is no significant short-run relationship between these two variables. Furthermore, economic growth increases CO2 emissions in the short and long run. The expansion of renewable electricity and trade openness reduces CO2 emissions in the long run. To mitigate the CO2 emissions originating from ICT, energy-saving technologies that use ICT as an energy management system should be further enhanced. The expansion of renewable electricity and the promotion of trade openness will also contribute to the mitigation of CO2 emissions in this region.
This study investigated the impact of information and communication technology (ICT) on electricity intensity, incorporating electricity prices, financial development, and population growth in Korea ...from 1990 to 2020, using the ARDL (autoregressive distributed lag) model. Three cases were considered, each relating to a different ICT proxy: Internet use, mobile cellular phone use, and exports of ICT-related products. The results varied depending on the proxy used to represent ICT. An increase in mobile cellular phone use leads to an increase in electricity intensity in the long run; however, the short-run effects of this change are unclear. An increase in Internet use also leads to an increase in electricity intensity in the long run but induces a decrease in electricity intensity in the short run. Increments in the exports of ICT-related products lead to an increase in electricity intensity in the short run; however, this effect is negligible in the long run. Electricity prices do not affect electricity intensity in all cases, and financial development reduces the intensity of electricity in the cases of the use of both mobile cellular phones and the Internet as proxies for ICT, whereas population growth increases electricity intensity in all cases.
This study analyzed the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the transportation sector in Korea from 1990 to 2013 using Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) factor decomposition methods. We ...decomposed these emissions into six factors: The population effect, the economic growth effect due to changes in the gross domestic product per capita, the energy intensity effect due to changes in energy consumption per gross domestic product, the transportation mode effect, the energy mix effect, and the emission factor effect. The results show that some factors can cause an increase in GHG emissions predominantly influenced by the economic growth effect, followed by the population growth effect. By contrast, others can cause a decrease in GHG emissions, predominantly via the energy intensity effect. Even though the transportation mode effect has contributed to a reduction of GHG emissions, it remains relatively small compared to other factors. The energy mix and emission factor effects contributed to the reduction of GHG emissions in the early 2000s, however the effects have led to an increase of GHG emissions since the mid-2000s. Altogether, based on these results, this study suggests some GHG mitigation policies aimed at achieving the national target for this sector.
In this article, we decomposed Korean industrial manufacturing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions using the log mean Divisia index (LMDI) method, both multiplicatively and additively. Changes in ...industrial CO2 emissions from 1991 to 2009 may be studied by quantifying the contributions from changes in five different factors: overall industrial activity (activity effect), industrial activity mix (structure effect), sectoral energy intensity (intensity effect), sectoral energy mix (energy-mix effect) and CO2 emission factors (emission-factor effect). The results indicate that the structure effect and intensity effect played roles in reducing GHG emissions, and the structure effect played a bigger role than the intensity effect. The energy-mix effect increased GHG emissions, and the emission-factor effect decreased GHG emissions. The time series analysis indicates that the GHG emission pattern was changed before and after the International Monetary Fund (IMF) regime in Korea. The structure effect and the intensity effect had contributed more in emission reductions after rather than before the IMF regime in Korea. The structure effect and intensity effect have been stimulated since the high oil price period after 2001.
•We decomposed greenhouse gas emissions of Korea's manufacturing industry using LMDI.•The structure effect and intensity effect play a role in reducing GHG emissions.•The role of structure effect was bigger than intensity effect.•The energy-mix effect increased and the emission-factor effect decreased GHG emissions.•The GHG emission pattern has been changed before and after IMF regime in Korea.
This study analyzes the effects of foreign direct investment (FDI), economic growth, industrial structure, renewable and nuclear energy, and urbanization on Korean greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from ...1981 to 2014. The cointegration relationship of the variables is examined using autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds test. The test confirmed the long-run equilibrium among the variables. After that, the short-run and long-run coefficients are estimated by an ARDL error-correction model. The result shows that in the long run, economic growth and urbanization are the main contributors to the increase of GHG emissions, while manufacturing industry share, renewable energy and nuclear energy contributed to the reduction of GHG emissions. The inflow of FDI has led to the increase of greenhouse gases, but the coefficients is negligible. In the short run, economic growth has caused an increase in GHG emissions, while renewable and nuclear energy have contributed to the reduction in GHG emissions. FDI and urbanization did not play a role in increasing of GHG emissions in the short term.
We examined the effects of oil prices along with fundamental economic variables on exchange rate movements in the Korean and Japanese foreign exchange markets, using two-regime Markov Regime ...Switching Models (MRSMs) over the period from January 1991 to March 2019. We selected the best MRSMs explaining their exchange rate movements using the Maximum Log-Likelihood and Akaike Information Criteria, and analyze effects of oil prices on their exchange rates based on the selected best MRSMs. We consider two regimes, regime 1 with high-volatility and regime 2 with low-volatility. In Korea, two apparent regimes are observed, and unstable regime 1 consists of two distinct prolonged periods, the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis and the 2008 Global Financial Crisis. Meanwhile in Japan, no evident prolonged regimes are observed. Rather, the two regimes occasionally alternate. Oil prices influence exchange rate movements in regime 2 with low-volatility in Korea, while they do not influence exchange rate movements in either regimes in Japan. The Japanese foreign exchange market is more resistant to external oil price shocks because the Japanese industry and economy has less dependence on oil than Korea.
The energy consumption of Korea’s manufacturing sector has sharply increased over the past 20 years. This paper decomposes the factors influencing energy consumption in this sector using the ...logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) method and analyzes the specific characteristics of energy consumption from 1991 to 2011. The analysis reveals that the activity effect played a major role in increasing energy consumption. While the structure and intensity effects contributed to the reduction in energy consumption, the structure effect was greater than the intensity effect. Over the periods, the effects moved in opposite directions; that is, the structure effect decreased when the intensity effect increased and vice versa. The energy consumption by each industry is decomposed into two factors, activity and intensity effects. The increase of energy consumption due to the activity effect is largest in the petroleum and chemical industry, followed by the primary metal and non-ferrous industry, and the fabricated metal industry. The decrease of energy consumption due to the intensity effect is largest in the fabricated metal industry, followed by the primary metal and non-ferrous industry, and the non-metallic industry. The energy consumption due to intensity effect in the petroleum and chemical industry has risen. To save energy consumption more efficiently for addressing climate change in this sector, industrial restructuring and industry-specific energy saving policies should be introduced.
We test whether foreign direct investment (FDI) is an important channel of international R&D spillovers between OECD countries. The results show that R&D spillovers through inward FDI had ...considerable positive effects on total factor productivity (TFP) in the 1990s, but not in the 2000s. By contrast, R&D spillovers through outward FDI had positive influence on TFP in the 2000s, but not in the 1990s. The contributions of foreign R&D are more related to FDI flows than to the size of the host countries. Finally, the countries benefiting from the R&D spillovers drastically differ from the countries contributing to the R&D spillovers.
본 연구는 1990년부터 2016년까지 한국의 정보통신기술(ICT), 무역 개방성, 금융 발전, 경제성장이 CO 2 배출량에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 변수의 공적분관계는 Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL)공적분 검증을 통해 확인되었다. 장기적으로 경제성장과 CO 2 배출 간에는 연관관계가 확인되었지만, ICT를 비롯한 ...다른 요인은 장기적으로 CO 2 배출량과의 연관관계를 확인하지 못하였다. 한편, 단기적으로 경제성장, ICT는 CO 2 배출량을 증가시켰으며, 금융발전은 CO 2 배출량 감소를 가져왔다. 무역개방성은 장기와 마찬가지로 단기에도 CO 2 배출량에 큰 영향을 미치지 못하였다. 특히 ICT는 장기뿐만 아니라 단기적으로도 CO 2 배출량 감소에 기여하지 못하였다. ICT를 통한 CO 2 감축을 유도하기 위해서는 ICT를 활용하여 효율적으로 에너지를 절약할 수 있는 기술의 개발과 보급이 더욱 촉진되어야 할 것이다.
This study investigated the impact of information and communication technology (ICT), trade openness, financial development, and economic growth on CO 2 emissions in Korea from 1990 to 2016. The cointegration relationship of the variables was confirmed by an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds test. In the long-run, economic growth was statistically significant factor in the increase in CO 2 emissions, while other factors, as well as ICT, did not significant factors in the changes in CO 2 emissions. In the long-run, a link between economic growth and CO 2 emissions has been confirmed, but other factors, including ICT, have not been able to confirm the link between CO 2 emissions in the long-run. Meanwhile, in the short-run, economic growth and ICT increased CO 2 emissions, and financial development led to a decrease in CO 2 emissions. Trade openness did not have a significant effect on CO 2 emissions in the short-run as in the long-run. In particular, ICT did not contribute to the reduction of CO 2 emissions in the short-run as well as the long-run. In order to induce CO 2 mitigation through ICT, the development and deployment of technology that efficiently save energy by using ICT should be further promoted.
We study the design of fair international protocols for the abatement of GHG emissions. We formulate normative principles, pertaining to countries' population, emission history, and business as usual ...emissions, as axioms for allocation rules. We show that combinations of these axioms characterize the so-called equal per capita allocation rules, with or without historical accountability. The allocations provided by these rules are in stark contrast with the allocation suggested by the Kyoto Protocol, which is close to the allocation in proportion to the current and business-as-usual emissions, suggested by the equal per emission (grandfathering) rule. As we illustrate, the equal per capita allocations admit more emissions to developing countries with large populations. And, with historical accountability, developed countries with large historical emissions are clearly penalized.
•Axiomatic approach for designing fair international protocols tackling climate change.•Historical accountability and equal treatment endorse historical equal per capita rule.•History independence and equal treatment endorse equal per capita rule.•Fair protocols offer more allowances to developing countries than Kyoto Protocol.•Kyoto protocol is close to grandfathering allocation proportional to BAU emissions.
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