Highlights • Influenza viruses from the 2010–2011 epidemic season were found to be susceptible to oseltamivir and umifenovir. • Umifenovir was found to be effective against oseltamivir-resistant ...influenza viruses in cell culture-based assays. • Oseltamivir and umifenovir were found to be effective against infection caused by the pandemic A(H1N1)pdm09 virus in mice. • Oseltamivir and umifenovir treatment decreased the duration of symptoms in hospitalized influenza-infected patients.
The subject of the study is the institution of digital rights, which has recently been enshrined in Russian legislation. This topic is relevant since the definition of digital rights causes numerous ...discussions and disputes. Practice on this issue has not yet developed, and there are conflicts in the current legislation. The purpose of the article is to consider the scope of digital rights and define the category "digital rights", given that there is a deep difference between its broad and narrow definitions. The following tasks have been solved to achieve this goal: (1) to consider the regulatory framework governing digital rights; (2) to analyze the main approaches to the definition of digital rights; (3) to study various definitions of digital objects; (4) to highlight the main characteristics of digital objects; (5) to propose original definitions of "digital rights" and "digital objects".Methodology. The authors use the general scientific dialectical method, as well as formallegal, system-structural, formal-logical methods and methods of cognition. The synergetic method is used to clarify the main features of digital rights. It allows isolating new rules and reality from the creative potential of chaos.The main results and the scope of the study. Considering law as a variable phenomenon, it has been proved that it is constantly changing. Analysis allows the authors to conclude that digital rights are an independent special type of rights that arise only in relation to digital objects created in digital form. The features of digital rights include: digital format, occurrence only in the cyber-physical space, consolidation in the form of software algorithms, the accounting system is carried out without an intermediary, the owner’s digital rights are realized with access to the Internet and a key in the form of login.The main qualitative characteristics of digital objects include the following: digital objects are not material; in some cases, they cannot be materialized and there is no need for that; digital objects are created using modern high-tech systems; it is possible to make transactions with digital objects only in the cyber-physical space; the right of inheritance for some digital objects is limited to inheritance by will due to the peculiarities of ownership of these objects; digital objects can be disposed of without the participation of third parties and intermediaries; transactions with digital assets are confidential.Conclusions. Based on the study results, original definitions of "digital rights" and "digital objects" have been proposed. Digital right is a digital algorithm that enshrines the powers of individuals and legal entities to own, use, and alienate digital objects of civil rights in hightech systems, given that technical means provide the owner with the opportunity to exercise their powers. Digital objects represent an independent legal category, which is a cryptographic code that gives the owner the right to perform any actions with it - to own, dispose of, alienate, make transactions, and other actions not prohibited by law. Legislative amendments to the current Russian legislation are developed.
Abstract
In the paper the variants of application of the state financial control in management of the state financial resources are considered. It creates necessary preconditions for implementation ...in the state of effective economic policy. On the basis of the analysis of scientific approaches, which are presented today in the domestic professional literature, the paper distinguishes the main forms and methods of state financial control and clarification of the most significant classification features and criteria of differentiation of forms and methods of state financial control, proving the need to take into account these provisions when making public management decisions. The author has determined that specific methods are used to implement the functions of the state financial control, which are an expression of the principles of a common approach to the object of control. The basis of these principles is a set of techniques that make it possible to comprehensively study the legality, reliability, feasibility and economic efficiency of financial transactions and processes. Result of work. We believe that the most promising direction for further research is the generalization of modern scientific approaches to the definition of the concept of "state financial control" and clarification of the defining principles of the introduction of appropriate activities, taking into account the specifics of the modern realities of the economic life of our country. Scope of the results: subjects of public administration. Summary: the use of the whole set of forms and methods of this state management activity in their close interaction allows preventing the loss of control over the course of economic processes and the formation of uncontrolled segments in the financial sphere.
Introduction. The new reassortant of the swine flu virus A(H1N1)pdm09, which emerged in 2009, overcame the species barrier and caused the 2009-2010 pandemic. One of the key points required for the ...influenza virus to overcome the species barrier and adapt it to humans is its specific binding to the receptors on the epithelium of the human respiratory tract.Targets and goals. Studying the dynamics of changes in receptor specificity (RS) of the HA1 subunit of the hemagglutinin of the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus strains isolated during the period 2009-2016 on the territory of the Russian Federation, and an analysis of the possible impact of these changes on the incidence rates of the population of the Russian Federation of pandemic influenza in certain epidemic seasons. Material and Methods. Standard methods of collecting clinical materials, isolation of influenza viruses, their typing and genome sequencing were used. For the study of RS of influenza A virus (H1N1)pdm09, the method of solid phase sialosidenzyme analysis was used. Results. It is shown that the change in the parameter W3/6 , which characterizes the degree of a2-3 receptor specificity (a2-3-RS) of the influenza virus A(H1N1)pdm09 over a2-6-RS, coincides with the change in the incidence rates of the Russian Federation’s pandemic flu in separate epidemic seasons. There is a tendency to increase the affinity of the virus A(H1N1)pdm09 to α2-3 analogs of the sialyl-glycan receptors of the human respiratory tract epithelium - α2-3-sialoglycopolymers (α2-3-SGP), and falls to α2-6-SGP, with the virus showing the greatest affinity for sulfated sialoglycopolymers. Discussion. Screening for RS strains of influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 virus isolated on the territory of the Russian Federation in 2009-2016 revealed a decrease in the affinity of viruses for a2-6-sialosides, especially for 6’SL-SGP, which is probably due to the presence of amino acid substitutions in the 222 and 223 positions of RBS HA1 viruses. Previous studies have shown that the presence of such substitutions correlates with an increase in the virulence of the influenza A virus (H1N1)pdm09 16, 23. Probably, the pandemic virus has evolved towards the selection of more virulent pneumotropic variants. Conclusion. Monitoring of the receptor specificity of a pandemic influenza virus makes it possible to identify strains with altered RS to the epithelium of the human respiratory tract and an increased ability to transfer from person to person. Change in the period 2009-2016 the W3/6 parameter characterizing the degree of α2-3-RS excess of the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus over α2-6-RS, coincides with the change in the incidence rates of the pandemic influenza population of the Russian Federation in certain epidemic seasons.
Adamantanthane-type drugs such as rimantadine and amantadine have long been used to treat diseases caused by influenza A virus. However, as a result of the mutations, influenza viruses have become ...resistant to aminoadamantans. The target for these drugs was the protein channel M2. Influenza A virus M2 viroporin in the protein shell forms fairly specific ion channels with a diameter of about 11 Å, specializing in transporting protons inside the viral particle (virion). Restoration of the antiviral properties of adamantanthane-type drugs consists in the selection of advanced functional groups bound by the carbocycle to find new sites of binding to the protein target M2. The purpose of the study is to identify the antiviral properties of new adamantanum derivatives to the pandemic strain of influenza A virus in vitro.
Compounds of aminoadamantans with amino acids and other organic molecules were obtained by classical peptide synthesis methods. The structure of the compound was tested by means of physical and chemical methods. Antiviral properties of synthetic compounds were studied in vitro on monolayer MDCK cells infected with pandemic strain of influenza A/California/07/2009 virus in two schemes of administration of investigated compounds and virus.
The reference strain of the influenza virus A/California/07/2009(H1N1) was sensitive to the compounds under test in varying degrees. The antiviral activity of the compounds was expressed in a 50% inhibitory concentration (IС
) ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 мкM, which is generally a good indicator for the Rimantadine/Amantadine resistant strain.
The values of the IС
for compounds introduced two hours before contact with the virus were slightly higher than those for single-moment introduction of the substance and virus. The effect of increasing the inhibitory concentration in the prophylactic scheme of compounds was valid for all compounds of the experiment.
The presented synthetic compounds are active against the variant of influenza A virus resistant to Rimantadine and Amantadine preparations. The obtained compounds can be used as model structures for creation of a new drug of direct action against advanced strains of influenza A virus.
—The synthesis strategy for the photochromic material containing the ultrafine dispersions of orthotungstic acid embedded in a hydrated cellulose matrix was proposed. The composite was obtained from ...solution of cellulose in Schweizer’s reagent with addition of a tungstate containing agent (sodium tungstate dehydrate) by acid regeneration of cellulose and hydrated tungstic(VI). The structure and phase composition were determined for substances obtained in the course of synthesis. In addition, the photochromic properties were investigated by the screen printing technique of the coating: spectral dependences of the reflection factor for the chromatic and bleached states, kinetics of the photochromic transformations, and the dependence of the coloration efficiency on the length of the radiation mode.
Cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of death worldwide. In this regard, there is a need to find and implement effective methods for the prevention and treatment of such diseases. ...Lifestyle modification is an important component of a complex of preventive and therapeutic measures, including nutrition optimization, increased physical activity, and breaking bad habits. Currently, an actively developing area is the use of biologically active additives to food, in order to replenish the missing nutrients in the diet and maintain health. In the course of the present review, an analysis was made of randomized clinical trials performed over the past 5 years. The studies investigated both the short-term effects of taking omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (effect on the blood lipid spectrum, blood pressure levels) and longterm results (development of myocardial infarction, stroke, cardiovascular mortality). This supplement has demonstrated a positive effect on immediate outcomes, namely the reduction of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides (lipid-lowering effect). However, there was no significant effect on long-term results. It also provides information on studies that have examined the cardioprotective effects of supplements such as resveratrol, red yeast rice, L-arginine, and curcumin. An analysis of publications has shown that these supplements have the potential to reduce the risk of development and progression of cardiovascular diseases due to possible hypolipidemic, endothelial protective, and antihypertensive effects. Nutraceutical support can be an effective addition to the basic treatment and help reduce morbidity and mortality due to cardiovascular disease.
Background.
Indian dwarf wheat (
Triticum sphaerococcum
Percival) has positive traits: round grain shape, excellent flour and grain quality, and a short stem, but it is difficult to develop cultivars ...of this species due to low productivity. The main problem in the improvement of
T. sphaerococcum
is the pleiotropic effect of grain roundness and ear compactness caused by the
S-D1
and
C2
genes. These genes are inherited together with negative features peculiar to this species: small grain, and low ear productivity. This paper presents the results of breeding improvement of Indian dwarf wheat from the VIR collection.
Materials and methods.
The research materials were five
T. sphaerococcum
accessions from the VIR collection, promising lines of Indian dwarf wheat released by the Tatar Research Institute of Agriculture, and regional reference cultivars. Conventional methods of spring bread wheat breeding were applied. Evaluation of main diseases was based on VIR’s methodological guidelines. Baking qualities were assessed using generally accepted methods and standards adopted in Russia.
Results.
The work resulted in producing competitive lines of
T. sphaerococcum
which surpassed the original accessions in yield and resistance to main fungal diseases, but their grain yield was lower than that of the reference bread wheat cultivar ‘Yoldyz’. High flour and grain quality levels of Indian dwarf wheat were confirmed. A patent was obtained for the Indian dwarf wheat cultivar ‘Sakara’.
Objective.
Selection of indicators of lymphocyte populations in rhesus macaques determined by flow cytometry to evaluate variations of cellular constituent of their immune status.
Materials and ...methods
. Blood of 11 healthy rhesus macaque males, 2,0–2,5 years old, weighing 2,5–3,0 kg, was used. Monkeys were examined simultaneously in each of 7 months of observation (since May till November). Immunophenotyping was conducted by FC500 cytofluorimeter using Affymetrix eBioscience monoclonal antibodies. The following cellular constituent indicators of immune status were differentiated: total T lymphocytes (phenotype CD2+CD20-); total B lymphocytes (phenotype CD2-CD20+); natural killer cells (phenotype CD2+CD56+); T helper cells (phenotype CD2+CD4+); cytotoxic T lymphocytes (phenotype CD2+CD8+); double-positive T lymphocytes (phenotype CD4+CD8+) and T lymphocytes positive by antigens CD2 and CD20 (phenotype CD2+CD20+).
Results and discussion
. Statistical analysis of the obtained results revealed the absence of the effect of research time factor on the stated indicators. To assess changes in the cellular constituent of immune status of rhesus macaques, it is possible to use indicators that are less variable: total T and B lymphocytes, T helper cells, cytotoxic T lymphocytes and T lymphocytes with phenotype (CD2+CD20+). The use of CD56 as a marker of natural killer cells of rhesus macaques is impractical due to its low expression and a small size of the population bearing this marker. The research results may form the basis of the normative indicators of the subpopulation cell composition of immune system in rhesus macaques, which will allow the study of infected animals when assessing the quality of medical products in relation to dangerous and particularly dangerous infections.
Aim. To identify oropharyngeal Streptococcus species and to analyze the genetic determinants of antibiotic resistance in patients with asthma and in those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ...(COPD). Materials and methods. An experimental diagnostic Streptopol+ (Lytech Co. LTD) panel based on a multiplex real-time PCR was applied to investigate the representation of antimicrobial resistance genes (mef and ermB) and the species composition of streptococci isolated from oropharyngeal swab samples from 89 patients with stable COPD and from 51 patients with asthma. Results. In the stable disease period, the oropharyngeal swabs were found to contain Streptococcus pneumoniae in 7.8% of the patients with asthma and in 6.74% of those with COPD; the common feature of these groups was a tendency towards a severe disease course and recurrent exacerbations requiring antibiotics. S. pyogenus was detected in 42.9% of the oropharyngeal swabs from COPD and asthma patients without exacerbations. The oropharyngeal swabs showed the mef gene in 100% of the patients with asthma and in 100% of those with COPD; the ermB gene was encountered in 91% of the patients with COPD and in 82.4% of those with asthma. The COPD patients displayed a direct correlation between the representation of the ermB gene and sputum production and smoking index. The mef and ermB genes were directly correlated with the frequency of exacerbations in patients with COPD. Conclusion. The identified streptococci are a reservoir of antimicrobial resistance genetic determinants – the mef and ermB genes encoding the mechanisms of streptococcal macrolide resistance. The representation of the above genes directly correlates with the frequency of exacerbations and the number of antimicrobial drug uses.
PDF
