•The genome of influenza A viruses is able to encode up to seven accessory proteins.•Influenza A viruses use alternative splicing, leaky ribosomal scanning, re-initiation, and ribosomal frameshifting ...mechanisms.•Influenza A virus accessory proteins are PB1-F2, PB1-N40, PA-X, PA-N155, PA-N182, M42, NS3.
Influenza A virus is one of the major human pathogens. Despite numerous efforts to produce absolutely effective anti-influenza drugs or vaccines, no such agent has been developed yet. One of the main reasons for this complication is the high mutation rate and the specific structure of influenza A viruses genome. For more than 25 years since the first mapping of the viral genome, it was believed that its 8 genome segments encode 10 proteins. However, the proteome of influenza A viruses has turned out to be much more complex than previously thought. In 2001, the first accessory protein, PB1-F2, translated from the alternative open reading frame, was discovered. Subsequently, six more proteins, PB1-N40, PA-X, PA-N155, PA-N182, M42, and NS3, have been found. It is important to pay close attention to these novel proteins in order to evaluate their role in the pathogenesis of influenza, especially in the case of outbreaks of human infections with new avian viruses, such as H5N1 or H7N9. In this review we summarize the data on the molecular mechanisms used by influenza A viruses to expand their proteome and on the possible functions of the recently discovered viral proteins.
The paper considers the transition algorithm from incoherent models to partially coherent ones by the example of the problem of synthesizing a two‐dimensional partially coherent model of a ...distributed radar object by its five‐point and nine‐point incoherent models. The transition algorithm includes the analytical expressions which allow determining powers and correlation functions of emitting signals for both types of models. The result is confirmed by numerical modeling. The comparison of the precision reflection altimeter formation and correlation function of angular glint provided by equivalent incoherent and partially coherent models is carried out.
Key Points
Matrix simulator
Angle noise
Partially coherent model
Resveratrol, a naturally occurring plant phenol, has been reported to exhibit a wide range of valuable biological and pharmacological properties. In the present investigation, we show that ...transformation of a Vitis amurensis Rupr. cell suspension with the gene VaCPK20 for a calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK) under the control of double CaMV 35S promoter increased resveratrol production in five independently transformed cell lines in 9-68 times compared with control cells. The VaCPK20-transformed calli were capable of producing 0.04-0.42 % dry wt. of resveratrol, while the control calli produced up to 0.008 % dry wt. of resveratrol Also, we characterized expression of stilbene synthase (STS) genes in the five VaCPK20-transgenic cell lines of V. amurensis. In all VaCPK20-transgenic cell lines, expression of VaSTS7 increased; while expression of VaSTS1 decreased. We suggest that transformation of V. amurensis calli with the VaCPK20 gene induced resveratrol accumulation via enhancement of expression of the VaSTS7 gene involved in resveratrol biosynthesis. The obtained data first demonstrate that overexpression of a CDPK gene resulted in increased accumulation of a stilbenoid phytoalexine in transgenic plant cells. We propose that the VaCPK20 gene could play an important role in the regulation of resveratrol biosynthesis in grape cells.
A new method for extracting DNA from plants is proposed, using the example of wild grapes
Vitis amurensis
Rupr. for further preparation of libraries for metagenomic analysis. The method is based on ...the isolation of DNA by an inexpensive CTAB method with an additional stage of DNA purification using silica spin columns (CTAB-spin method). A comparative analysis of the results of metagenomic analysis of endophytes on DNA isolated using the proposed CTAB-spin method and using the commercial kit ZymoBIOMICS DNA Miniprep (Zymo Research) was performed. It was found that when using the CTAB-spin method, the number of sequences of the
16S
rRNA site and the diversity of bacterial genera were 2.8 and 1.2 times greater, respectively, than when using the ZymoBIOMICS kit. At the same time, the number of sequences of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (
ITS1)
and the biodiversity of endophytic fungi did not differ significantly during DNA extraction by two methods. Thus, the proposed method of DNA isolation for metagenomic analysis is an available and effective alternative to commercial kits for the isolation of plant DNA for new-generation sequencing methods.
Stilbenes (resveratrol, piceid, viniferins, etc.) are acting as phytoalexins and possess valuable biologically active properties. To improve stilbene production in grapevine, the effect of VaSTS1, ...VaSTS2, and VaSTS7 gene overexpression on stilbene production in callus cell cultures of wild grapevine Vitis amurensis Rupr. were accessed. Overexpression of VaSTS1 increased the total content of stilbenes by 1.2â2.1 times up to 0.36 mg per g of the dry weight (mg gâ»Â¹Â dry wt) or 0.036 % of dry wt, while overexpression of VaSTS2 and VaSTS7 increased the content of stilbenes by 1.5â3.5 and 2.5â2.8 times (up to 0.48 and 0.60 mg gâ»Â¹Â dry wt), respectively. P-coumaric acid (CA), a precursor of stilbenes, induced stilbene content and production in all cell lines with the highest positive effect on stilbene accumulation being observed in the STS2- and STS7-transgenic cell lines. After the CA feeding, the stilbene content increased up to 1.09â1.16 mg gâ»Â¹Â dry wt in the STS2- and one STS7-transgenic cell lines and only up to 0.35 and 0.40 mg gâ»Â¹Â dry wt in the control and STS1-transgenic cell lines, respectively. Thus, overexpression of VaSTS1, VaSTS2, and VaSTS7 genes had a positive effect on stilbene accumulation in the cells of V. amurensis cultivated in vitro. T-resveratrol and t-resveratrol glycosides were the prevalent stilbenes synthesized in the STS-transgenic calli before and after CA feeding. The results obtained are innovative for plant biotechnology, since stilbene production in plant cell cultures overexpressing a STS gene has not been studied until now.
In our work, we compare EEG time-frequency features for two types of K-complexes detected in volunteers performing the monotonous psychomotor test with their eyes closed. Type I K-complexes preceded ...spontaneous awakenings, while after type II K-complexes, subjects continued to sleep at least for 10 s after. The total number of K-complexes in the group of 18 volunteers was 646, of which of which type I K-complexes was 150 and type II K-complexes was 496. Time-frequency analysis was performed using continuous wavelet transform. EEG wavelet spectral power was averaged upon several brain zones for each of the classical frequency ranges (slow wave, δ, θ, α, β
, β
, γ bands). The low-frequency oscillatory activity ( δ-band) preceding type I K-complexes was asymmetrical and most prominent in the left hemisphere. Statistically significant differences were obtained by averaging over the left and right hemispheres, as well as projections of the motor area of the brain, p<0.05. The maximal differences between the types I and II of K-complexes were demonstrated in δ-, θ-bands in the occipital and posterior temporal regions. The high amplitude of the motor cortex projection response in β
-band, 20;30 Hz, related to the sensory-motor modality of task in monotonous psychomotor test. The δ-oscillatory activity preceding type I K-complexes was asymmetrical and most prominent in the left hemisphere may be due to the important role of the left hemisphere in spontaneous awakening from sleep during monotonous work, which is an interesting issue for future research.
Pollen grains emitted from vegetation can release subpollen particles (SPPs)
that contribute to the fine fraction of atmospheric aerosols and may act as
cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), ice nuclei ...(IN), or aeroallergens. Here, we
investigate and characterize the hygroscopic growth and CCN activation of
birch, pine, and rapeseed SPPs. A high-humidity tandem differential mobility
analyzer (HHTDMA) was used to measure particle restructuring and water
uptake over a wide range of relative humidity (RH) from 2 % to 99.5 %,
and a continuous flow CCN counter was used for size-resolved measurements of
CCN activation at supersaturations (S) in the range of 0.2 % to 1.2 %.
For both subsaturated and supersaturated conditions, effective
hygroscopicity parameters, κ, were obtained by Köhler model
calculations. Gravimetric and chemical analyses, electron microscopy, and
dynamic light scattering measurements were performed to characterize further
properties of SPPs from aqueous pollen extracts such as chemical composition
(starch, proteins, DNA, and inorganic ions) and the hydrodynamic size
distribution of water-insoluble material. All investigated SPP samples
exhibited a sharp increase of water uptake and κ above
∼95 % RH, suggesting a liquid–liquid phase separation
(LLPS). The HHTDMA measurements at RH >95 % enable closure
between the CCN activation at water vapor supersaturation and hygroscopic
growth at subsaturated conditions, which is often not achieved when hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer (HTDMA) measurements are performed at lower RH where the water uptake and effective
hygroscopicity may be limited by the effects of LLPS. Such effects may be
important not only for closure between hygroscopic growth and CCN activation
but also for the chemical reactivity, allergenic potential, and related
health effects of SPPs.
This article overviews known parallel mechanisms with a circular guide. The considered mechanisms are systemized in terms of kinematic chains and the motion pattern. The structural analysis of these ...mechanisms is performed using the mobility equations of kinematic chains.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system, which is characterized by significant clinical heterogeneity. Primary ...progressive MS (PPMS) develops in 10–15% of patients. Unlike the most common relapsing-remitting form of MS, PPMS involves steady progress of neurodegeneration and, as a consequence, a persistent gradual increase in neurological symptoms. The peculiarities of epigenetic regulation of gene expression may be one of the reasons for the differences in the pathogenesis of the two MS forms. DNA methylation is one of the key epigenetic mechanisms, which remains almost unexplored in different cell populations of PPMS patients. The goal of this work was to identify differential methylation profiles of the CpG sites in the CD14+ monocyte DNA, which characterize PPMS. A genome-wide analysis of DNA methylation in PPMS patients and healthy individuals has identified 169 differentially methylated positions (DMPs), 90.5% of which were hypermethylated in PPMS patients. More than half of all DMPs are located in/near known genes and within CpG islands and their neighboring regions, which indicates their high functional significance. We have found six differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in the
OR2L13
,
CAT
,
LCLAT1
,
HOXA5
,
RNF39
, and
CRTAC1
genes involved in inflammation and neurodegeneration, which indicates active epigenetic regulation of their expression.
Gonadal development is a complex process that involves sex determination followed by divergent maturation into either testes or ovaries
. Historically, limited tissue accessibility, a lack of ...reliable in vitro models and critical differences between humans and mice have hampered our knowledge of human gonadogenesis, despite its importance in gonadal conditions and infertility. Here, we generated a comprehensive map of first- and second-trimester human gonads using a combination of single-cell and spatial transcriptomics, chromatin accessibility assays and fluorescent microscopy. We extracted human-specific regulatory programmes that control the development of germline and somatic cell lineages by profiling equivalent developmental stages in mice. In both species, we define the somatic cell states present at the time of sex specification, including the bipotent early supporting population that, in males, upregulates the testis-determining factor SRY and sPAX8s, a gonadal lineage located at the gonadal-mesonephric interface. In females, we resolve the cellular and molecular events that give rise to the first and second waves of granulosa cells that compartmentalize the developing ovary to modulate germ cell differentiation. In males, we identify human SIGLEC15
and TREM2
fetal testicular macrophages, which signal to somatic cells outside and inside the developing testis cords, respectively. This study provides a comprehensive spatiotemporal map of human and mouse gonadal differentiation, which can guide in vitro gonadogenesis.
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