COVID-19 is a severe infectious disease that has claimed >150,000 lives and infected millions in the United States thus far, especially the elderly population. Emerging evidence has shown the virus ...to cause hemorrhagic and immunologic responses, which impact all organs, including lungs, kidneys, and the brain, as well as extremities. SARS-CoV-2 also affects patients', families', and society's mental health at large. There is growing evidence of re-infection in some patients. The goal of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of SARS-CoV-2-induced disease, its mechanism of infection, diagnostics, therapeutics, and treatment strategies, while also focusing on less attended aspects by previous studies, including nutritional support, psychological, and rehabilitation of the pandemic and its management. We performed a systematic review of >1,000 articles and included 425 references from online databases, including, PubMed, Google Scholar, and California Baptist University's library. COVID-19 patients go through acute respiratory distress syndrome, cytokine storm, acute hypercoagulable state, and autonomic dysfunction, which must be managed by a multidisciplinary team including nursing, nutrition, and rehabilitation. The elderly population and those who are suffering from Alzheimer's disease and dementia related illnesses seem to be at the higher risk. There are 28 vaccines under development, and new treatment strategies/protocols are being investigated. The future management for COVID-19 should include B-cell and T-cell immunotherapy in combination with emerging prophylaxis. The mental health and illness aspect of COVID-19 are among the most important side effects of this pandemic which requires a national plan for prevention, diagnosis and treatment.
Q&A: The space entrepreneur Hoffman, Jascha
Nature (London),
10/2009, Letnik:
461, Številka:
7266
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The genesis was from my science outreach work at Purdue University, where I collaborated with Marvel Entertainment and Paramount Pictures to make posters to promote science education using Spider-Man ...and Star Trek. Why did Quantum Quest take more than a decade to complete? I knew from the start that it would be a long haul, because the radar data we needed to create the surface images of Titan would not arrive until 2008.
An accurate model of the properties of magnetite $(Fe\sb{3(1-\delta)}O\sb4),$ zinc ferrites $(Fe\sb{(3-x)}Zn\sb{x}O\sb4),$ and titanomagnetites $(Fe\sb{3-y}Ti\sb{y}O\sb4)$ in the vicinity of the ...Verwey Transition (VT) is achieved by adopting a quantum mechanical approach which focuses on quantum states rather than classical concepts, such as particles. Our approach leads to a simple physical picture of the VT which explains all the observed properties at and in the vicinity of the transition. Succinctly stated, the VT is the result of the sudden conversion of trapped states to polaron states. This simple model is capable of explaining all the observed changes which occur in the neighborhood of the transition using only a single order parameter, $\psi.$ The thermodynamic, electron transport, and structural properties as a function of temperature, T, and the nonstoichiometry parameter, $\delta,$ are fully modeled by our polaron mean-field (PMF) theory of the VT. Two approaches are used to obtain the equation of state: Strassler and Kittel mean-field model, and Hijmans and de Boer mean-field order-disorder theory. After careful elucidation of the SK theory, this two state theory is applied to VT. The order parameter and Fermi Dirac statistics are used to compute the number of occupied and empty polaron states. The electron transport properties are then described by the small polaron transport theory of Holstein and Emin. The electron transport properties are shown to be consistent with charge carriers, in the form of small polarons, that move adiabatically by a process called phonon assisted electronic hopping. This is demonstrated by comparison of the theoretically determined values of $\rho(T)$ and $\alpha(T)$ with the measured values of resistivity and the Seebeck coefficient for various values of $\delta.$ The PMF theory is improved by using a more microscopic approach based upon the theory of HB, which treats states as being either occupied polaron states, occupied trapped states, or undistorted vacant states. The three state PMF model gives an improved fit to the measured entropy and the electron transport data.
We consider the limits arising from different electromagnetic systems on the existence of a possible new electromagnetic analog of the fifth force. Although such a force may have no intrinsic ...connection to electromagnetism (or gravity), its effects could be manifested through various anomalies in electromagnetic systems, for appropriate values of the coupling strength and range. Our work generalizes that of Bartlett and Logl (who considered the case of a massive vector field co-existing with massless electrodynamics) to encompass a broad class of phenomenological interactions mediated by both scalar and vector exchanges. By combining data from both gravitational and electromagnetic systems, one can eventually set limits on a new force whose range $\lambda$ extends from the subatomic scale $\rm (\lambda\approx10\sp{-15}m)$ to the astrophysical scale $\rm (\lambda\approx10\sp{22}m).$ A new geomagnetic limit on the photon mass $m\sb\gamma$ is derived from an analysis of satellite measurements of the Earth's magnetic field $\vec{H}.$ The primary effect of a nonzero photon mass is to generate an additional contribution to $\vec{H}$ resembling that from an external source. We find $m\sb\gamma\le8\times10\sp{-16}eV/c\sp2 = 1\times10\sp{-48}g = 4\times10\sp{-9}m\sp{-1}.$ Using Chibisov's method (80) and the discovery of intracluster magnetic fields, we also set a new indirect upper limit on the mass of the photon of $m\sb\gamma\le1\times10\sp{-28}eV/c\sp2 = 2\times10\sp{-61}g.$ A general multipole expansion for radiation from massive vector and scalar fields is developed for periodic sources. This formalism is then combined with data on the binary pulsar PSR 1913+16 to set limits on the electric charge of astrophysical bodies, and on the coupling strength strengths of new weak gravity-like forces.
Enough nerdiness Harp, Dennis R; Kloor, Harry
Quantum (Washington, D.C.),
05/1998, Letnik:
8, Številka:
5
Magazine Article
Harp and Kloor examine the geek stereotype as used in the science and technology industry. While the nerd image used to be common for scientists, it is now recognized as a barrier for achieving ...national science literacy.
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