Small silencing RNAs—small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) or microRNAs (miRNAs)—direct posttranscriptional gene silencing of their mRNA targets as guides for the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). Both ...siRNAs and miRNAs are born double stranded. Surprisingly, loading these small RNA duplexes into Argonaute proteins, the core components of RISC, requires ATP, whereas separating the two small RNA strands within Argonaute does not. Here we show that the Hsc70/Hsp90 chaperone machinery is required to load small RNA duplexes into Argonaute proteins, but not for subsequent strand separation or target cleavage. We envision that the chaperone machinery uses ATP and mediates a conformational opening of Ago proteins so that they can receive bulky small RNA duplexes. Our data suggest that the chaperone machinery may serve as the driving force for the RISC assembly pathway.
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► Hsc70/Hsp90 machinery mediates ATP-dependent RISC loading of small RNA duplexes ► Hsc70/Hsp90 machinery is dispensable for duplex separation or target cleavage ► Hsc70-4 is an important factor for RISC loading in flies
Topoisomerase 1, an enzyme that relieves superhelical tension, is implicated in transcription-associated mutagenesis and genome instability-associated with neurodegenerative diseases as well as ...activation-induced cytidine deaminase. From proteomic analysis of TOP1-associated proteins, we identify SMARCA4, an ATP-dependent chromatin remodeller; FACT, a histone chaperone; and H3K4me3, a transcriptionally active chromatin marker. Here we show that SMARCA4 knockdown in a B-cell line decreases TOP1 recruitment to chromatin, and leads to increases in Igh/c-Myc chromosomal translocations, variable and switch region mutations and negative superhelicity, all of which are also observed in response to TOP1 knockdown. In contrast, FACT knockdown inhibits association of TOP1 with H3K4me3, and severely reduces DNA cleavage and Igh/c-Myc translocations, without significant effect on TOP1 recruitment to chromatin. We thus propose that SMARCA4 is involved in the TOP1 recruitment to general chromatin, whereas FACT is required for TOP1 binding to H3K4me3 at non-B DNA containing chromatin for the site-specific cleavage.
EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) is a standard first-line therapy for activated
-mutated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Treatment options for patients with acquired EGFR-TKI resistance are ...limited. HER3 mediates EGFR-TKI resistance. Clinical trials of the HER3-targeting antibody-drug conjugate patritumab deruxtecan (HER3-DXd) demonstrated its anticancer activity in
-mutated NSCLC; however, the mechanisms that regulate HER3 expression are unknown. This study was conducted with the aim to clarify the mechanisms underlying HER3 regulation in
-mutated NSCLC tumors and explored the strategy for enhancing the anticancer activity of HER3-DXd in
-mutated NSCLC.
Paired tumor samples were obtained from 48 patients with
-mutated NSCLC treated with EGFR-TKI(s). HER3 expression was immunohistochemically quantified with H-score, and genomic alteration and transcriptomic signature were tested in tumors from pretreatment to post-EGFR-TKI resistance acquisition. The anticancer efficacy of HER3-DXd and osimertinib was evaluated in
-mutated NSCLC cells.
We showed augmented HER3 expression in
-mutated tumors with acquired EGFR-TKI resistance compared with paired pretreatment samples. RNA sequencing revealed that repressed PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling was associated with HER3 augmentation, especially in tumors from patients who received continuous EGFR-TKI therapy. An
study also showed that EGFR-TKI increased HER3 expression, repressed AKT phosphorylation in multiple
-mutated cancers, and enhanced the anticancer activity of HER3-DXd.
Our findings help clarify the mechanisms of HER3 regulation in
-mutated NSCLC tumors and highlight a rationale for combination therapy with HER3-DXd and EGFR-TKI in
-mutated NSCLC.
Treatment strategies for unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIAs) should be carefully considered with reference to rupture and complication rates. It is also important to minimize the length of ...hospital stay (LOS) and to ensure a high quality of medical care. In this study, we aim to clarify the factors that affect the LOS of patients treated for UIAs using the Inpatient Clinico-Occupational Database of the Rosai Hospital Group (ICOD-R). This was a nationwide-multicenter study based on ICOD-R data from 2000 to 2019. Patients diagnosed with UIAs who were treated with clipping or coiling were included in the study. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify the factors affecting LOS. LOS was also compared between groups classified by surgical procedure or treatment period. We identified 3294 patients on the database who underwent clipping or coiling of UIAs during the study period. Multivariate analysis revealed hospital admission during the early 2000s and the late 2010s, age, and treating institution to be significantly correlated with LOS (p < 0.05). There was a significant difference between the mean LOS of the clipping group (20.3 days) and the coiling group (9.65 days) (p < 0.001). Compared by treatment period, LOS significantly shortened over time. Our results suggest that the type of treatment, time of treatment, patient age, and the treating institution affect postoperative LOS for UIAs. Although coiling was found to lead to a lower average LOS than clipping, treatment selection should take the characteristics of each patient's aneurysm into consideration.
Bifrontal craniotomy frequently involves opening the frontal sinus and mucosal injury. We report a new technique for mucosal repair in the frontal sinus using surgical titanium microclips. Six ...consecutive patients who underwent bifrontal craniotomy with frontal sinus exposure and mucosal injury underwent mucosal repair using surgical titanium microclips between April 2019 and August 2022. In all cases, the frontal sinus mucosa was peeled from the inner walls of the frontal sinus to ensure sufficient mucosal margin for clipping using ORBEYE. The repair was accomplished with the microclips in all cases. We also sealed the mucosal wound using fibrin glue and sufficiently filled the frontal sinus with bone debris, resulting in zero incidence of postoperative liquorrhea in all cases. Repairing the mucosa using surgical titanium microclips using ORBEYE may be a simple and quick technique when the frontal sinus mucosa is injured during craniotomy.
Highlights • We evaluated tumor B7-H3 expression by IHC in 270 lung adenocarcinomas. • We demonstrated a significant prognostic interaction of B7-H3 with smoking history. • In smoking patients, high ...B7-H3 expression was associated with decreased survival. • In non-smoking patients, high B7-H3 expression was not associated with survival. • High B7-H3 expression was associated with EGFR wild-type and smoking patients.
There have been a number of anastomosis methods of bypass techniques reported for moyamoya disease. However, there are yet no randomized controlled trials conducted on the anastomosis method. ...Retrograde blood flow of the superficial temporal artery (STA) may be used as one of the donor options. Here, we examined the tolerability of retrograde bypass using a distal stump of the parietal STA (dsPSTA). Anastomosis between the dsPSTA and middle cerebral artery (MCA) was performed for consecutive patients with moyamoya disease whose parietal STA was visualized to be longer than 10 cm using contrast-enhanced computed tomography preoperatively. Retrospectively, we have examined its patency and clinical outcome. Retrograde dsPSTA-MCA bypass was performed in 22 hemispheres of 17 patients. The patency of retrograde dsPSTA-MCA bypass in all 22 anastomoses could be confirmed during follow-up periods (mean: 5.5, range: 2-15 years). No recurrence of ischemic events was observed. The dsPSTA-MCA bypass using retrograde blood flow has been determined as one of the many promising anastomosis methods, and long-term patency was achieved in moyamoya disease.
Significance Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) has been shown to be a critical endonuclease required for class switch recombination (CSR). Here we show that APE1’s endonuclease activity, ...but not its redox regulation or transcriptional regulation activity, is important for CSR. Conversely, APE1 is dispensable for activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)-induced somatic hypermutation (SHM) as well as IgH/c-myc translocation. Moreover, during CSR, APE1 is not required for AID-induced S-region break formation, but is critical for the processing of cleaved ends because both repair protein Ku80 recruitment and end synapse formation are blocked by APE1 deficiency. APE1 deficiency only partially impairs CSR, and we found that two other end-processing enzymes, meiotic recombination 11 homolog (MRE11) and carboxy-terminal binding protein (CtBP)-interacting protein (CtIP), are responsible for the remaining CSR activity in the absence of APE1.
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is essential for antibody diversification, namely somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch recombination (CSR). The deficiency of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 ( Ape1 ) in CH12F3-2A B cells reduces CSR to ∼20% of wild-type cells, whereas the effect of APE1 loss on SHM has not been examined. Here we show that, although APE1’s endonuclease activity is important for CSR, it is dispensable for SHM as well as IgH/c-myc translocation. Importantly, APE1 deficiency did not show any defect in AID-induced S-region break formation, but blocked both the recruitment of repair protein Ku80 to the S region and the synapse formation between Sμ and Sα. Knockdown of end-processing factors such as meiotic recombination 11 homolog (MRE11) and carboxy-terminal binding protein (CtBP)-interacting protein (CtIP) further reduced the remaining CSR in Ape1 -null CH12F3-2A cells. Together, our results show that APE1 is dispensable for SHM and AID-induced DNA breaks and may function as a DNA end-processing enzyme to facilitate the joining of broken ends during CSR.
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is essential for class-switch recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation (SHM) of immunoglobulin genes. Studies on in vitro mutagenized AID as well as ...its mutations in human patients with hyper-IgM (HIGM)-syndrome type II revealed that C-terminal AID mutations were defective in CSR whereas their DNA cleavage and SHM activities remained intact. The C-terminal mutants of AID were speculated to exert the dominant negative effect on wild-type (WT) AID whereas its mechanism remains unknown. We generated the JP41 (R190X) mutation in one allele and a null mutation on the other allele in a mouse B cell line (CH12F3-2A) using CRISPR/Cas9 genome-editing tools and studied the effect of JP41 expression on the function of exogenously introduced WT AID fused with estrogen receptor (AIDER) in AIDJP41/∆/AIDER CH12F3-2A cells. We found that JP41 expression strongly suppressed not only CSR but also Igh/c-Myc chromosomal translocations by AIDER. We showed that the dominant negative effect is not evident at the DNA cleavage step but obvious at both deletional and inversional recombination steps. We also confirmed the dominant negative effect of other C-terminal mutants, JP8Bdel (R183X) and P20 (34-aa insertion at residue 182) in AID-deficient spleen B cells. Finally, we showed that the expression of JP41 reduced the binding of AIDER with its cofactors (hnRNP L, SERBP1 and hnRNP U). Together, these data indicate that dominant negative effect of JP41 on CSR is likely due to the depletion of the CSR-specific RNA-binding proteins from WT AID.
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