The synthesis of a number of 8‐(dialkylamino)‐ and 8‐alkoxyxanthines (3 and 6, respectively) is described. Treatment of 3 with m‐chloroperoxybenzoic acid (m‐CPBA) gave by a novel rearrangement ...3‐(disubstituted amino)‐4,7,9‐trimethyl‐1‐oxo‐2,4,7,9‐tetraazaspiro4,5dec‐2‐ene‐6,8,10‐triones 10. Also, the corresponding 3‐alkoxy‐subtituted spiro compounds 12 were obtained by an analogus treatment of 8‐alkoxyxanthines 6. In attempts to elucidate a tentative mechanism for this rearrangement 8‐(dialkylamino)methylcaffeines 7 when treated with m‐CPBA did not undergo the rearrangement but only yielded the expected N‐oxide derivatives 16. This result seems to indicate that a necessary structure element for this rearrangement to occur is an atom with an unshared pair of electrons to be attached to the 8‐position of the investigated xanthines. In agreement with this statement is the fact that N‐oxides of 8‐(dialkylamino)methylcaffeines 16 do not undergo the novel rearrangement but rather give the expected Meisenheimer rearrangement or the Cope elimination depending upon reaction conditions.
OBJECTIVE To present a new imaging method for the anterior segment of the eye. METHODS Transscleral optical coherence tomographic images were generated in healthy volunteers using a slitlamp-adapted ...prototype equipped with a superluminescence diode with an infrared wavelength of 1310 nm. RESULTS The optical coherence tomographic system used allowed penetration of human sclera in vivo and high-resolution, cross-sectional imaging of the anterior chamber angle and the ciliary body. CONCLUSION The 1310-nm optical coherence tomographic image shows a significant potential as a noninvasive diagnostic tool for the anterior segment of the eye.Arch Ophthalmol.2002;120:816-819-->
* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the potentials of optical coherence tomography (OCT) using long wavelength to penetrate highly scattering tissues of the eye and visualize the anterior chamber ...angle and the ciliary body.
* METHODS: OCT images were generated by an experimental prototype in enucleated porcine eyes using as light source a superluminiscent diode with a wavelength of 1310 nm and a scan frequency of 60 Hz. The number of lateral scans was variable in a range from 100 to 400.
* RESULTS: Infrared OCT was able to penetrate the sclera. The anterior chamber angle could be visualized completely and the ciliary body could be identified. However, it was not possible to penetrate the highly reflective iris pigment epithelium.
* CONCLUSION: The use of infrared OCT allows penetration of the sclera, thus, providing complete visualization of the anterior chamber angle and limited demonstration of the ciliary body. Because of its higher resolution, it may represent an interesting noninvasive alternative to ultrasound biomicroscopy.
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 2000;31:218-222
The collapse of the conventional German film finally removes the economic basis for a mode of filmmaking whose attitude and practice we reject. With it the new film has a chance to come to life.
...German short films by young authors, directors, and producers have in recent years received a large number of prizes at international festivals and gained the recognition of international critics. These works and these successes show that the future of the German film lies in the hands of those who have proven that they speak a new film language.
Just as in other countries, the short
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate the state of rehabilitation in patients with blunt multiple injuries 2 years after their initial injuries, using several standardized scales and ...a recently described comprehensive scoring system, by means of a prospective clinical multicenter study.
METHODS Two years after the initial injury, patients with blunt multiple injuries (Injury Severity Score ≥ 16) underwent a clinical follow-up in 5 German Level I trauma centers. The reassessment included a complete head-to-toe examination of the musculoskeletal system and a neurologic examination. The following patient-assessed health status scores were used to determine the quality of lifeShort-Form 12, Functional Independence Measurement, and Musculoskeletal Function Assessment. Moreover, a comprehensive scoring system developed in our department (Hannover Score for Polytrauma Outcome HASPOC) was used that includes provider-report (physician’s examination) and self-report (score systems) criteria.
RESULTS Two hundred fifty-four of 312 patients who had been injured between January 1995 and July 1996 were reexamined between January 1, 1997, and July 1, 1998. Among the remaining 58 patients, 9 had died by the time of follow-up, and 49 patients had not accepted the invitation. The mean age of those patients who underwent reexamination was 36 ± 13 years, the mean Injury Severity Score was 24 ± 6, and the mean initial Glasgow Coma Scale score was 11 ± 4 (Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) head score of 3.3 ± 1.1; AIS face, 1.4 ± 0.1; AIS chest, 3.0 ± 0.8; AIS abdomen, 1.7 ± 0.6; and AIS extremities, 3.4 ± 0.8). The general outcome (Short-Form 12) was as followsgrade I, 9%; grade II, 25%; grade III, 29%; grade IV, 25%; grade V, 6%; and grade VI, 6%. The outcome of the injured extremity demonstrated moderate or severe restrictions according to the Musculoskeletal Function Assessment in 41% of injuries of the lower extremity and in 16% of injuries of the upper extremity. Among patients with injuries to the lower extremity, 52% experienced pain or impaired ability to walk related to an injury of the foot or ankle, 31% indicated pain after a knee or thigh injury, and 27% indicated pain after a femoral or hip injury. The most severe deficits in the range of motion occurred in the foot and the ankle region (13.4% deficit of range of motion < 20% of normal range, p < 0.05 to other injuries). The results of the outcome obtained by self-report correlated with the clinical examination when a scoring system was used that was described recently, the HASPOC.
CONCLUSION In a standardized multicenter reexamination of patients with blunt multiple injuries, the general outcome was usually fair or good. Both the complaints and the objective results of specific extremity areas demonstrated that most limitations were because of injuries below the knee. These results were adequately reflected by a comprehensive scoring system, combining self-report and provider report (HASPOC).
In drei Gebieten Sachsens wurde durch einen Forschungsverbund unter Leitung des LfULG die Nutzung der petrothermalen Geothermie zur Strom- und Wärmegewinnung untersucht. In der Elbezone im Raum ...Dresden, in Freiberg und Aue-Schneeberg wurden geologische, petrophysikalische und thermische Daten aufgearbeitet und dreidimensionale Modelle bewertet.
Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass eine Stromerzeugung durch Tiefenaufschlüsse bis 5 km Tiefe in allen drei Untersuchungsgebieten möglich ist. Die Temperaturmodelle weisen in 5 km Tiefe Werte zwischen 105 und 190 °C auf.
Dabei verfügt das Untersuchungsgebiet Aue-Schneeberg über die besten Voraussetzungen für die Errichtung eines Geothermiekraftwerkes.
In drei Gebieten Sachsens wurde durch einen Forschungsverbund unter Leitung des LfULG die Nutzung der petrothermalen Geothermie zur Strom- und Wärmegewinnung untersucht. In der Elbezone im Raum ...Dresden, in Freiberg und Aue-Schneeberg wurden geologische, petrophysikalische und thermische Daten aufgearbeitet und dreidimensionale Modelle bewertet.
Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass eine Stromerzeugung durch Tiefenaufschlüsse bis 5 km Tiefe in allen drei Untersuchungsgebieten möglich ist. Die Temperaturmodelle weisen in 5 km Tiefe Werte zwischen 105 und 190 °C auf.
Dabei verfügt das Untersuchungsgebiet Aue-Schneeberg über die besten Voraussetzungen für die Errichtung eines Geothermiekraftwerkes.
Two open randomized cross-over studies were undertaken comparing ceftazidime to tobramycin and ceftazidime to tobramycin plus carbenicillin in 13 and 15 cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, respectively, ...with chronic bronchopulmonary Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. The difference in lung function improvement was statistically better in terms of FEV1 and FVC for the ceftazidime group in the study versus tobramycin plus carbenicillin. Patients receiving ceftazidime showed a tendency for a greater long-term benefit in lung function as measured at 1 and 2 months after treatment than patients receiving the other antibiotics. Development of resistance against both ceftazidime and carbenicillin was seen regularly and was not prevented by combination therapy with tobramycin. No resistance developed when tobramycin was used as monotherapy. Serum concentration curves for ceftazidime fitted a two compartment first order open model in CF patients and showed a distribution volume of 40% of the body weight and a final serum half-life of 1.8 h. One case of Type III hypersensitivity reaction was seen during ceftazidime treatment. Ceftazidime seems to be an effective and safe antibiotic in the treatment of Ps. aeruginosa bronchopulmonary infection in CF patients, although these bacteria could not be eradicated.
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