Novel zero-trans frying shortenings were formed by enzymatic transesterification by exploring a palm stearin and canola oil mixture and stearic acid as substrates. Both immobilized (Novozym 435, ...Lipase PS “Amano” IM) and non-immobilized (Lipomod TM 34P) enzymes were applied as biocatalysts. Palmitic acid, the fatty acid which defines the proper type of crystal formation, was present at the 15% level in the reaction mixtures. The novel structured lipids had comparable physical properties and offered similar frying performance to those of commercial shortening. Needle-shaped crystals were predominant both in the transesterification products and the commercial frying shortening. Furthermore, solid fat content profiles of the zero-trans structured lipids produced by Novozym 435 and Lipase PS “Amano” IM were close to those of the commercial shortening.
A Multi-strip Multi-gap RPC Barrel for Time-of-Flight Measurements Kiš, M.; Ciobanu, M.; Deppner, I. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
08/2011, Letnik:
646, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The FOPI detector
1 at the heavy-ion synchrotron SIS-18 at GSI in Darmstadt has upgraded part of its time-of-flight (ToF) system by adding a new sub-detector shell (called the MMRPC Barrel) that is ...made out of Multi-strip Multi-gap Resistive-Plate Counters (MMRPCs). The MMRPC Barrel has an active area of 5
m
2 covered by 2400 individual anode strips
2,3 which are read out at both ends by custom-designed electronics
4,5. With these multi-strip anodes we have obtained an enhanced detector granularity with 95% efficiency and a ToF resolution
σ
ToF
better than 90
ps which increases the identification limit for charged kaons up to laboratory momenta of at least 1
GeV/
c. In this paper we report on the design, construction and operational characteristics of the MMRPC Barrel and describe its performance during the first experiments.
The Compressed Baryonic Matter (CBM) experiment at the Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) at Darmstadt will be a dedicated heavy-ion experiment for the investigation of baryonic matter ...at highest net-baryon densities. A RICH detector with CO
2 as radiator gas is being developed for clean and efficient electron identification which will be necessary for the measurement of some of the key observables of the physics program of CBM. The status of the development of this RICH detector and results on R&D activities concerning self-triggered readout electronics for PMTs, studies on the usage of wavelength-shifting films, as well as the evaluation of glass mirrors from industrial providers will be presented.
Due to the expected irradiation damage at the Silicon Tracking System (STS) of the Compressed Baryonic Matter (CBM) experiment at FAIR, bi-phase CO2 will be used for cooling ∼40 kW of heat dissipated ...by electronics. For the efficient thermal performance of the electronics, several measurements aimed at improving the thermal interfaces and simulations for extracting the operational parameters of the CO2 cooling are presented. These efforts are towards building a cooling demonstrator with first two STS half-stations to show that the CBM-STS cooling concepts are viable.
•Viscous thermal interface materials are better for removable interfaces.•Flattening the interface surfaces could improve the results substantially.•Computational methodology developed to design STS electronics cooling plates.•Thermal FEA shows that STS electronics could be cooled to <−10°C.
Selected bands of FT-IR spectra of Mg(II), Ca(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) benzoates of both solid state and water solution, were assigned to appropriate molecular vibrations. Next evaluation of electronic ...charge distribution in both carboxylic anion and aromatic ring of studied compounds was performed. Classical plate tests and turbidimetry measurements, monitoring growth of bacteria
Escherichia coli,
Bacillus subtilis and yeasts
Pichia anomala and
Saccharomyces cerevisiae during 24
h of incubation, in optimal growth conditions (control) and in medium with addition of studied benzoate (concentration of 0.01% expressed as the concentration of benzoic acid), proved antimicrobial activity of studied compounds against investigated micro-organisms.
PLS (partially least square) and PCR (principal component regression) techniques were applied to build a model, correlating spectral data reflecting molecular structure of studied compounds, with degree of influence of those compounds on growth of studied micro-organisms. Statistically significant correlation within cross validation diagnostic of PLS-1 calibration was found, when log
1/T of selected spectral regions of water solution samples were used as input data. The correlation coefficients between predicted with PLS calibration based on created 1, 2 or 3 factor models, and actual values of antimicrobial activity were: 0.70; 0.76, 0.81 for
P. anomala,
B. subtilis, and
E. coli, respectively. Log(PRESS) values of appropriate models were 2.10, 2,39 and 3.23 for
P. anomala,
B. subtilis, and
E. coli, respectively.
During the development of the Multi-Strip Multi-Gap Resistive Plate Chambers (MMRPCs) for the time-of-flight (ToF) upgrade of the FOPI detector system, we have designed different versions of the ...front-end electronics (FEE). The signals from a MMRPC are read out on each side of the anode strips by an amplifier followed by a leading-edge discriminator. They are digitized in a time-to-amplitude converter (TAC) followed by a charge-to-digital converter (QDC). These counters are designed to provide a ToF resolution below sigma t les 60 ps requiring an amplifier-diecriminator stage with an intrinsic electronic resolution below sigma t(FEE) les 20 ps. We describe the design steps of the FEE-card from a 4-channel version (FEE1) for the R&D phase to the final 16-channel card (FEE5) for the readout of 4800 channels of the total detector array. Through these design steps we have kept the following key characteristics: low noise sigma n les 25 muV RMS (to the amplifier input), high gain (200) and a high bandwidth (1 GHz).
Three benzoic acid derivatives (zinc p-iodobenzoate, zinc p-hydroxybenzoate, and zinc p-aminobenzoate) were synthesized and tested chemically and microbiologically in order to explain their mode of ...action against the yeast Pichia anomala. The yeast strains were cultivated in batch culture of chemically defined minimal medium (control) and with the addition of the studied compound at concentrations of 0.103 to 0.166% (wt/vol). The growth of microorganisms, H+ concentration, and the concentrations of both dissociated and undissociated forms of the appropriate weak acid in the medium were monitored at 1-h intervals during 24 h of incubation. The inhibitory effect of each compound on the growth of microorganisms was calculated based on measurement of optical density at 600 nm turbidity. The K parameter, defined as the ratio of the concentration of undissociated weak acid to the number of microorganisms in the medium, was determined. The K value is related to the degree of growth inhibition and provides new insight into the mode of action of weak organic acids against the studied yeasts. The buffering capacity of the chemicals studied was also found to be an inhibition parameter associated with microbial growth. Greater buffer capacity of a given compound reduced changes in the pH value of the medium, resulting in changes to antimicrobial effectiveness.
Using the large acceptance apparatus FOPI, we study central collisions in the reactions (energies in A GeV are given in parentheses): 40Ca + 40Ca (0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.5, 1.93), 58Ni + 58Ni (0.15, ...0.25, 0.4), 96Ru + 96Ru (0.4, 1.0, 1.5), 96Zr + 96Zr (0.4, 1.0, 1.5), 129Xe + CsI (0.15, 0.25, 0.4), 197Au + 197Au (0.09, 0.12, 0.15, 0.25, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.5). The observables include cluster multiplicities, longitudinal and transverse rapidity distributions and stopping, and radial flow. The data are compared to earlier data where possible and to transport model simulations.
Using the large acceptance apparatus FOPI, we study central and semi-central collisions in the reactions (energies in A GeV are given in parentheses): 40Ca+40Ca (0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.5, 1.93), ...58Ni+58Ni (0.15, 0.25, 0.4), 96Ru+96Ru (0.4, 1.0, 1.5), 96Zr+96Zr (0.4, 1.0, 1.5), 129Xe+CsI (0.15, 0.25, 0.4), 197Au+197Au (0.09, 0.12, 0.15, 0.25, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.5). The observables include directed and elliptic flow. The data are compared to earlier data where possible and to transport model simulations. A stiff nuclear equation of state is found to be incompatible with the data. Evidence for extra-repulsion of neutrons in compressed asymmetric matter is found.
Using the large acceptance apparatus FOPI, we study pion emission in the reactions (energies in
A
GeV
are given in parentheses):
40Ca
+
40Ca (0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.5, 1.93),
96Ru
+
96Ru (0.4, 1.0, ...1.5),
96Zr
+
96Zr (0.4, 1.0, 1.5),
197Au
+
197Au (0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.5). The observables include longitudinal and transverse rapidity distributions and stopping, polar anisotropies, pion multiplicities, transverse momentum spectra, ratios
(
π
+
/
π
−
)
of average transverse momenta and of yields, directed flow, elliptic flow. The data are compared to earlier data where possible and to transport model simulations.
PDF
