•Microwave-assisted synthesis of sulfated polysaccharide was highly effective and characterized by time saving and high DS.•Short reaction time minimized acid-catalyzed degradation of polysaccharide ...chains.•MW and molecular distribution had much greater influence on anti-tumor activities of SPAS against A549, HepG2 and Hela cells.
Use of microwave radiation is one of the most potential techniques in polysaccharide derivatives synthesis due to its advantages such as higher yields, milder reaction conditions and shorter reaction times. This study was aimed at producing sulfated polysaccharides by microwave irradiation using polar reagents and solvent. Six sulfated Artemisia sphaerocephala polysaccharide derivatives (SPAS) were obtained by using chlorosulfuric acid/pyridine method in the reaction duration range of 15–300 min at a fixed microwave power of 100W. Synthesis of SPAS under microwave filed was highly effective and characterized by time saving and high degrees of substitution (DS). The chemical structure of SPAS was confirmed by FT-IR and 13C NMR that sulfation had occurred and the substitution position was mainly at C-6. Size-exclusion chromatograph combined with multi-angle laser photometer (SEC-MALLS) data indicated that short reaction time minimized acid-catalyzed degradation of polysaccharide chains. AFM observation demonstrated that low-MW derivative exhibited aggregation of polysaccharide chain as irregular spherical lumps. In anti-tumor activity assays, sulfation of PAS significantly improved the capacity to inhibit tumor cells growth by arresting the cell cycle progress in specific phases. It could be concluded that MW and molecular mass distribution had much greater influence on anti-tumor activities of SPAS against human non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells, human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells and human cervical cancer Hela cells. Microwave-assisted synthesis might possess widespread application in preparation of new polysaccharide derivatives with rich variety of structural features and bioactivities.
Investigations have shown that storage bugs seriously harm grains during storage. In the interim, essential oils (EOs) have been proven to be a good botanical pesticide. The anti-
properties of
...essential oil, which was obtained by steam distillation, were evaluated using
-limonene, carvone, and their two optical isomer components using contact, repelling, and fumigation techniques. Simultaneously, the fumigation, contact, and repellent activities of carvone and its two optical isomers mixed with
-limonene against
were evaluated. The results showed that
its main components (
-carvone,
-limonene), and
-carvone exhibited both fumigations (LC
= 14.47, 4.42, 20.9 and 3.78 mg/L) and contact (LD
= 7.31, 4.03, 28.62 and 5.63 µg/adult) activity against
A binary mixture (1:1) of
-carvone and
-limonene displayed an obvious synergistic effect. A binary mixture (1:1) of carvone and its two optical isomers exhibited an obvious synergistic effect, too. Furthermore, the repellent activity of the EO, carvone, and its two optical isomers,
-limonene, and a combination of them varied. To stop insect damage during storage,
and its components can be utilized as bio-insecticides.
Fourteen typical malting barley varieties from China were evaluated for their DPPH radical, ABTS radical cation and superoxide anion radical scavenging activities, reducing power, metal chelating ...activities, and total phenolic contents (TPC). All barley samples exhibited significant antioxidant activities determined by different assays, and contained significant levels of phenolic compounds. Gan4 and Wupi1 barley exhibited the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical cation scavenging activity and reducing power. Gan4 and Humai16 barley showed the highest TPC, whereas the highest superoxide anion radical scavenging activity and metal chelating activity were found in Huaimai19 and Ken3 barley, respectively. The Pearson correlation analysis revealed that the TPC showed strong correlations with DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical cation scavenging activity, and reducing power (
P
<
0.01), whereas its correlations with superoxide anion radical scavenging activity and metal chelating activity were poor (
P
>
0.05). Moreover, DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical cation scavenging activity and reducing power were well positively correlated with each other (
P
<
0.01). Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to understand the interrelationships among the measured antioxidant activity evaluation indices, and to gain an overview of the similarities and differences among the 14 barley varieties.
Abstract
Background:
The microbial symbionts of macrofungal fruiting body have been shown to play momentous roles in host growth, development, and secondary metabolism. Nevertheless, there is no ...report on the fungal diversity of
Sanghuangporus
, a medicinal and edible homologous macrofungus as “forest gold”, which has good effects on antioxidation, boosting immunity and curing stomachache. Here, the diversity and functional group of fungi associated with the fruiting body of the most widely applied
S. vaninii
were characterized by high-throughput sequencing and FUNGuild tool for the first time.
Results:
Total 11 phyla, 34 classes, 84 orders, 186 families, and 328 genera were identified in the fruiting body, and our results revealed that the fungal community was dominated by the host fungal taxonomy with absolute superiority (more than 70%), namely, Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetes, Hymenochaetales, Hymenochaetaceae, and genus of
Phellinus
corrected to
Sanghuangporus
. Simultaneously, the reads allocated into non-host fungal operational taxonomic units were largely dominated by Ascomycota, Sordariomycetes, Sordariales, Mortierellaceae, and
Mortierella
. Furthermore, the endophytic fungi were assigned into three trophic modes of “saprotroph” (53.2%), “symbiotroph” (32.2%), and “pathotroph” (14.1%), in which the category of “plant pathogen” was highest enriched with relative abundance of 91.8%, indicating that the endophytic fungi may have the potential to adjust the growth and metabolism of host
S. vaninii
.
Conclusion:
Altogether, this report firstly provided new findings that can be inspiring for further in-depth studies to exploit bioactive microbial resources for increased production of
Sanghuangporus
via coculture, as well as to explore the relationship between macrofungi and their associated endophytes.
This work aims to study the influence of olive fruit maturity on physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity which determine the quality of virgin olive oils (VOO). According to the results, ...the values of all parameters were within the range specified by the Codex Alimentarius (2017). With the increase of fruit maturity, the oil content continued to increase until reached the maximum value (20.05%) in the 7th maturity (M7). K232, K270 and peroxide value (PV) decreased with the increase of maturity, while ΔK increased linearly with the increase of maturity. Free fatty acidity (FFA) first decreased and then increased, until reached the maximum value of (0.52 ± 0.03) % in M7. The total polyphenols (TP) and total flavonoids (TF) that characterized the antioxidant properties of olive oil increased with the increase of fruit maturity, which indicated that the oxidative stability (OS) of VOO of ‘Cornicabra’ increased with the increase of fruit maturity. The oleic acid (C18:1) content remained above 70 % and reached the maximum of (76.68 ± 0.17) % at M7. The values of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) / polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and oleic acid (C18:1) / linoleic acid (C18:2) showed a decreasing trend with the maturity stage. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the quality of FFA, PV, K232, K270, TP, TF and OS were higher at the 5th maturity (M5), the quality of fatty acid were higher at M7. It can be seen from the analysis that the olive fruit maturity was an important parameter to characterize and distinguish olive oil.
An investigation into ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was conducted for the extraction of chlorophyll from
Chlorella vulgaris
residue after lipid separation. The best possible combination of ...extraction parameters was obtained with the response surface methodology (RSM), at a three-variable, three-level experiment Box–Behnken design (BBD). The optimum extraction parameters were as follows: extraction temperature, 61.4 °C, extraction time, 78.7 min, ethanol volume, 79.4 %, at a fixed ultrasonic power of 200 W. Under the modified optimal conditions, the model predicted a total chlorophyll content of 30.1 mg/g. Verification of the optimization showed that chlorophyll extraction of 31.1 ± 1.56 mg/g was observed under the optimal conditions, which well matches with the predicted value. Under these conditions, two stage extraction could sufficiently reach the maximal chlorophyll yield (35.2 mg/g), and the extraction rate reached up to 88.9 %. The present paper provides a feasible technology route for comprehensive utilization of bioactive substances from Chlorella and microalgal biomass biorefinery.
The effects of various carbon sources on growth, photosynthetic pigments and lipid production of
Chlorella vulgaris
31 were investigated under photoautotrophic, mixotrophic and heterotrophic ...cultivations. The results indicated that in two concentration gradients (2 and 10 g L
−1
), glucose, maltose and sodium acetate all significantly promoted the growth of
C. vulgaris
31, while the effects of sucrose and glycerol were not significant. The alga could barely assimilate xylose. The biosynthesis of chlorophylls and carotenoids in algal cells was reduced under mixotrophic and heterotrophic cultivations; however, lipid production was promoted significantly. Moreover, this inhibition or promotion has significant concentration dependence of carbon source. The composition and proportion of fatty acids could also be regulated by different culture conditions and organic carbon sources. The finding suggests that the biomass, pigment and lipid production of
C. vulgaris
31 could be regulated by controlling the trophic mode and carbon source.
The antioxidant activities of malt extract from barley were evaluated by various methods
in vitro and
in vivo. Scavenging effects on the hydroxyl and superoxide radicals, and protection against ...reactive oxygen species induced lipid, protein and DNA damage were evaluated. The
d-galactose induced mouse aging model was used to evaluate ability of malt extract to behave as an antioxidant
in vivo. The extract exhibited high antioxidant activities both
in vitro and
in vivo, evidenced by its ability to scavenge hydroxyl- and superoxide-radicals, high reducing power, and protection against biological macromolecular oxidative damage. Furthermore, malt extract prevented the decrease of antioxidant enzyme activities, decreased liver and brain malondialodehyde levels and carbonyl content, and improved total antioxidant capability in
d-galactose-treated mice. In conclusion, these results demonstrate potential antioxidant activities and antiaging effect of malt, providing scientific support for the empirical use of malt as an antioxidant for diseases caused by reactive oxygen species.
Storage pests pose a great threat to global food security. Here, we found that the essential oil (EO) extracted from E. densa possesses obvious effects against the insects that threaten ...stored-products. In this work, we investigated the chemical constituents of the essential oil extracted from Elsholtzia densa, and their insecticidal (contact and fumigant) toxicity against Tribolium castaneum and Lasioderma serricorne. A total of 45 compounds were identified by GC-MS, accounting for 98.74% of the total EO. Meanwhile, 11 compounds were isolated from the EO, including limonene, β-caryophyllene, ρ-cymene, trans-phytol, α-terpineol, linalool, acetophenone, 1,8-cineole, ρ-cymen-7-ol, 1-O-cerotoylgly-cerol, and palmitic acid. Furthermore, acetophenone, ρ-cymen-7-ol, and 1-O-cerotoylgly-cerol were isolated for the first time from Elsholtzia spp. The results of the bioassays indicated that the EO had the property of insecticidal toxicity against T. castaneum and L. serricorne. All of the compounds showed different levels of insecticidal toxicity against the two species of insects. Among them, 2-ethyl-1H-imidazole had no insecticidal toxicity against T. castaneum, but possessed fumigant and obvious contact toxicity against L. serricorne. ρ-Cymen-7-ol had beneficial insecticidal toxicity against the two species of insects, and fumigant toxicity against L. serricorne. ρ-Cymen-7-ol (LD50 = 13.30 μg/adult), 1-octen-3-ol (LD50 = 13.52 μg/adult), and 3-octanol (LD50 = 17.45 μg/adult) showed significant contact toxicity against T. castaneum. Acetophenone (LD50 = 7.07 μg/adult) and ρ-cymen-7-ol (LD50 = 8.42 μg/adult) showed strong contact toxicity against L. serricorne. ρ-Cymene (LC50 = 10.91 mg/L air) and ρ-cymen-7-ol (LC50 = 10.47 mg/L air) showed powerful fumigant toxicity to T. castaneum. Limonene (LC50 = 5.56 mg/L air), acetophenone (LC50 = 5.47 mg/L air), and 3-octanol (LC50 = 5.05 mg/L air) showed obvious fumigant toxicity against L. serricorne. In addition, the EO and its chemical compounds possessed different levels of repellent activity. This work provides some evidence of the value of exploring these materials for insecticidal activity, for human health purposes. We suggest that the EO extracted from E. densa may have the potential to be developed as an insecticidal agent against stored product insect pests.
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