The reactions of (aryl)(chloro)methyl
p-tolyl sulfoxides
2 with tetrasulfur tetranitride (S
4N
4) in
p-dioxane at reflux gave 3,5-diaryl-1,2,4,6-thiatriazine 1-oxides, 3,5-diaryl-1,2,4-thiadiazoles, ...and 1-amino-3,5-diaryl-1,2,4,6-thiatriazine 1-oxides. For the first time, the structures of 3,5-diaryl-1,2,4,6-thiatriazine 1-oxides were unequivocally characterized based on X-ray crystallography of 3,5-di(3,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,2,4,6-thiatriazine 1-oxide. Treatment of the thiatriazine 1-oxides with
m-CPBA gave 2,6-diaryl-4-(3-chlorophenyl)-1,3,5-triazines. Mechanisms are proposed for the formation of thiatriazine 1-oxides and 1,3,5-triazines.
Treatment of arylglyoxal monohydrates with tetrasulfur tetranitride in p‐dioxane at reflux afforded 2‐aroyl‐5‐arylimidizoles and 2‐aroyl‐5‐aryloxazoles in 10 to 31% and 17 to 32% yields, ...respectively. With non‐hydrate of arylglyoxals, yields of the latter increase somewhat, whereas essentially no changes in yields of the former were observed. A mechanism is proposed for the formation of the products.
Apart from the previous report, the reaction of 3‐(4‐nitrobenzoylformamido)‐4‐(4‐nitrophenyl)‐1,2,5‐thiadiazole (2a) with m‐chloroperbenzoic acid in chloroform at room temperature did not proceed, ...whereas at reflux temperature the same reaction gave 4‐nitrobenzoic acid (5) (86%) and a minute amount of a mixture of 4‐nitrobenzoylformamide (6) and 3‐amino‐4‐(4‐nitrophenyl)‐1,2,5‐thiadiazole (7a). On the other hand the same reaction in a mixture of ethanol and chloroform (1:4) at room temperature gave 3‐ethoxycarbamoyl‐4‐(4‐nitrophenyl)‐1,2,5‐thiadiazole (8a) (24%) as an isolable product. When 3‐aroylformamido‐4‐aryl‐1,2,5‐thiadiazoles 2 in tetrahydrofuran were treated with various alkoxides in the corresponding alcohols at room temperature, 3‐amino‐4‐aryl‐ 7, 3‐alkoxycarbamoyl‐4‐aryl‐ 8, and 3‐aryl‐4‐(aryl)(hydroxy)acetamido‐1,2,5‐thiadiazoles 9 were isolated. The ratios of which were dependent on the kind of bases and the solvent employed. Selected compounds 2 were allowed to react with phosphorus pentasulfide in the presence of pyridine at reflux to give 3‐aryl‐4‐arylacetarnido‐1,2,5‐thiadiazoles 17 (55–64%), which were also produced by the reaction of 2 with either Lawesson's reagent or hydrogen sulfide gas in the presence of pyridine at reflux.
Acupuncture is frequently advocated as an adjunct treatment during stroke rehabilitation. The aim of this review was to assess its effectiveness in this setting.
We searched 25 databases and 12 major ...Korean traditional medicine journals from their inception to October 2009. We included randomized controlled trials, with no language restrictions, that compared the effects of acupuncture (with or without electrical stimulation) with sham acupuncture. We assessed the methodologic quality of the trials using the Cochrane risk-of-bias criteria and the PEDro (Physiotherapy Evidence Database) scale.
Ten of 664 potentially relevant studies met our inclusion criteria. For acute and subacute stages after stroke, we included seven trials. A meta-analysis of the five studies that assessed functionality did not show a significant difference in favour of acupuncture, with high heterogeneity. A post-hoc sensitivity analysis of three trials with low risk of bias did not show beneficial effects of acupuncture on activities of daily living at the end of the intervention period (n = 244; standard mean difference 0.07, 95% confidence interval CI -0.18 to 0.32; I(2) = 0%) or after follow-up (n = 244; standard mean difference 0.10, 95% CI -0.15 to 0.35; I(2) = 0%). For the chronic stage after stroke, three trials tested effects of acupuncture on function according to the Modified Ashworth Scale; all failed to show favourable effects.
Our meta-analyses of data from rigorous randomized sham-controlled trials did not show a positive effect of acupuncture as a treatment for functional recovery after stroke.
Schisandrae Fructus, the fruit of
(Turcz.) Baill., is widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of a number of chronic diseases. Although, Schisandrae Fructus was recently reported to ...attenuate the interleukin (IL)-1β-induced inflammatory response in chondrocytes in vitro, its protective and therapeutic potential against osteoarthritis (OA) in an animal model remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated the effects of the ethanol extract of Schisandrae Fructus (SF) on inflammatory responses and cartilage degradation in a monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced OA rat model. Our results demonstrated that administration with SF had a tendency to attenuate MIA-induced damage of articular cartilage as determined by a histological grade of OA. SF significantly suppressed the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α in MIA-induced OA rats. SF also effectively inhibited expression of inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase and cyclooxygenase-2, thereby inhibiting the release of NO and prostaglandin E
. In addition, the elevated levels of matrix metalloproteinases-13 and two biomarkers for diagnosis and progression of OA, such as cartilage oligomeric matrix protein and C-telopeptide of type II collagen, were markedly ameliorated by SF administration. These findings indicate that SF could be a potential candidate for the treatment of OA.
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