Towards a common definition of global health Koplan, Jeffrey P, Prof; Bond, T Christopher, PhD; Merson, Michael H, Prof ...
Lancet,
06/2009, Letnik:
373, Številka:
9679
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
A steady evolution of philosophy, attitude, and practice has led to the increased use of the term global health. ... on the basis of this analysis, we offer the following definition: global health is ...an area for study, research, and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide.
Preventing childhood obesity Koplan, Jeffrey; Liverman, Catharyn T; Kraak, Vivica I
2005, 20050113, 2005-01-31, 2005-01-15, 20050101
eBook, Book
Odprti dostop
Children's health has made tremendous strides over the past century. In general, life expectancy has increased by more than thirty years since 1900 and much of this improvement is due to the ...reduction of infant and early childhood mortality. Given this trajectory toward a healthier childhood, we begin the 21st-century with a shocking development?an epidemic of obesity in children and youth. The increased number of obese children throughout the U.S. during the past 25 years has led policymakers to rank it as one of the most critical public health threats of the 21st-century.
Preventing Childhood Obesity provides a broad-based examination of the nature, extent, and consequences of obesity in U.S. children and youth, including the social, environmental, medical, and dietary factors responsible for its increased prevalence. The book also offers a prevention-oriented action plan that identifies the most promising array of short-term and longer-term interventions, as well as recommendations for the roles and responsibilities of numerous stakeholders in various sectors of society to reduce its future occurrence. Preventing Childhood Obesity explores the underlying causes of this serious health problem and the actions needed to initiate, support, and sustain the societal and lifestyle changes that can reverse the trend among our children and youth.
Summary Infectious diseases remain the major causes of morbidity and mortality in China despite substantial progress in their control. China is a major contributor to the worldwide infectious disease ...burden because of its population size. The association of China with the rest of the world through travel and trade means that events in the country can affect distant populations. The ecological interaction of people with animals in China favours the emergence of new microbial threats. The public-health system has to be prepared to deal with the challenges of newly emerging infectious diseases and at the same time try to control existing diseases. To address the microbial threats, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome, the government has committed substantial resources to the implementation of new strategies, including the development of a real-time monitoring system as part of the infectious-disease surveillance. This strategy can serve as a model for worldwide surveillance and response to threats from infectious diseases.
Summary China has experienced an epidemiological transition shifting from the infectious to the chronic diseases in much shorter time than many other countries. The pace and spread of behavioural ...changes, including changing diets, decreased physical activity, high rates of male smoking, and other high risk behaviours, has accelerated to an unprecedented degree. As a result, the burden of chronic diseases, preventable morbidity and mortality, and associated health-care costs could now increase substantially. China already has 177 million adults with hypertension; furthermore, 303 million adults smoke, which is a third of the world's total number of smokers, and 530 million people in China are passively exposed to second-hand smoke. The prevalence of overweight people and obesity is increasing in Chinese adults and children, because of dietary changes and reduced physical activity. Emergence of chronic diseases presents special challenges for China's ongoing reform of health care, given the large numbers who require curative treatment and the narrow window of opportunity for timely prevention of disease.
This Viewpoint proposes legal and policy options for promoting universal face mask wearing in the US and, recognizing the limits of state-by-state implementation, proposes strengthening the ...authority, independence, and funding of the CDC to enact responses to this and future comparable public health emergencies.
Infectious diseases remain the major causes of morbidity and mortality in China despite substantial progress in their control. China is a major contributor to the worldwide infectious disease burden ...because of its population size. The association of China with the rest of the world through travel and trade means that events in the country can affect distant populations. The ecological interaction of people with animals in China favours the emergence of new microbial threats. The public-health system has to be prepared to deal with the challenges of newly emerging infectious diseases and at the same time try to control existing diseases. To address the microbial threats, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome, the government has committed substantial resources to the implementation of new strategies, including the development of a real-time monitoring system as part of the infectious-disease surveillance. This strategy can serve as a model for worldwide surveillance and response to threats from infectious diseases. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
Summary China has rapidly progressed through epidemiological and demographic transitions and is now confronting an increasing burden from non-communicable diseases and injuries. China could take ...advantage of what has been learnt about prevention and control of non-communicable diseases and injuries, which is well summarised in the WHO best buys (a set of affordable, feasible, and cost-effective intervention strategies in any resource setting), to improve individual and population health. Implementation of these strategies could allow China to exceed the incremental gains in decreasing non-communicable diseases and injury burdens of high-income countries, and greatly shorten the interval needed to achieve decreased morbidity and mortality in its population. With the lessons learnt from other countries and its own programmes and policies, China could provide a health model for the world.
Strong US–China collaboration on health and medicine is a crucial element of the global effort against COVID-19. We review the history of health collaboration and exchanges between the public and ...private sectors in the USA and China, including the long-lasting collaboration between governmental public health agencies of the two countries. Academic and scientific exchanges should be reinvigorated and the increasing valuable role of non-profit foundations acknowledged. The shared interests of the two countries and the magnitude of the pandemic necessitate both countries to collaborate and cooperate. We provide recommendations to the two governments and the global health community to control the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and prepare for future threats.
For the Chinese translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.
China has experienced an epidemiological transition shifting from the infectious to the chronic diseases in much shorter time than many other countries. The pace and spread of behavioural changes, ...including changing diets, decreased physical activity, high rates of male smoking, and other high risk behaviours, has accelerated to an unprecedented degree. As a result, the burden of chronic diseases, preventable morbidity and mortality, and associated health-care costs could now increase substantially. China already has 177 million adults with hypertension; furthermore, 303 million adults smoke, which is a third of the world's total number of smokers, and 530 million people in China are passively exposed to second-hand smoke. The prevalence of overweight people and obesity is increasing in Chinese adults and children, because of dietary changes and reduced physical activity. Emergence of chronic diseases presents special challenges for China's ongoing reform of health care, given the large numbers who require curative treatment and the narrow window of opportunity for timely prevention of disease. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
Health impact assessment (HIA) is defined as a combination of procedures, methods and tools that systematically judges the potential, and sometimes unintended, effects of a policy, plan, program or ...project on the health of a population and the distribution of those effects within the population. Here, Collins and Koplan identify the potential applications of HIAs. They argue that an HIA that recommends the addition of pedestrian and bicycle facilities to a transportation plan would contribute to a built environment that promotes the public's health; HIAs could be used to examine the health effects of proposed agricultural policies, such as ones that enhance production of energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods that contribute to the increasing obesity epidemic; and a timely HIA might have reduced the inadvertent effects of the No Child Left Behind legislation on physical education programs and health curricula by providing alternate scenarios for achieving the desired educational outcomes while simultaneously promoting health. Moreover, Collins and Koplan believe that HIAs provide a great vehicle in public health policy decisions.
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