Abstract Background Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a developmental disorder defined by behavioural features that emerge during the first years of life. Research indicates that abnormalities in ...brain connectivity are associated with these behavioural features. However, inclusion of individuals past the age of onset of the defining behaviours complicates interpretation of the observed abnormalities: they may be cascade effects of earlier neuropathology and behavioural abnormalities. Our recent study of network efficiency in a cohort of 24-month-olds at high and low familial risk for ASD reduced this confound; we reported reduced network efficiencies in toddlers classified as ASD. The current study maps the emergence of these inefficiencies in the first year of life. Methods The study utilizes data from 260 infants at 6 and 12 months of age, including 116 infants with longitudinal data. As in our earlier study, we use diffusion data to obtain measures of the length and strength of connections between brain regions in order to compute network efficiency. We assess group differences in efficiency within linear mixed-effects models determined by the Akaike information criterion. Results Inefficiencies in high-risk infants later classified as ASD were detected from 6 months onward in regions involved in low-level sensory processing. Additionally, within the high-risk infants, these inefficiencies predicted 24-month symptom severity. Conclusion These results suggest that infants with ASD, even before 6 months of age, have deficits in connectivity related to low-level processing, which contribute to a developmental cascade affecting brain organization, and eventually higher-level cognitive processes and social behaviour.
PDF