Intermitentna klavdikacija je najpogostejši simptom periferne arterijske bolezni (PAB), ki se običajno izrazi kot stiskajoča bolečina v mišičju spodnjih udov med hojo, ki s počitkom izgine. ...Intermitentna klavdikacija okrni kakovost življenja pri bolnikih s PAB. Veljavne smernice priporočajo nadzorovano vadbo hoje kot zdravljenje prve izbire pri bolnikih s PAB. Telesna vadba olajša simptome, podaljša t.i. klavdikacijsko razdaljo, prehojeno razdaljo brez intermitentne klavdikacije, obenem pa je s svojimi sistemskimi učinki na srce in žilje ter presnovo ukrep, ki lahko izboljša preživetje in olajša obvladovanje srčno-žilnih dejavnikov tveganja. Programi nadzorovane vadbe naj bi trajali vsaj 3 mesece, se izvajali vsaj 3-krat na teden, posamezne vadbe pa naj bi trajale 30 do 60 minut. V nadaljevanju opisujemo protokole različnih programov nadzorovane vadbe, ki so se izkazali kot učinkoviti pri izboljšanju prehojene razdalje ter kazalnikov srčno-žilnega zdravja pri bolnikih s PAB.
Izhodišča: Zastrupitev z ogljikovim monoksidom (CO) močno okrne funkcijo astrocitov in nevronov. Pozne nevropsihološke posledice zastrupitve lahko preprečimo z zdravljenjem s hiperbaričnim kisikom ...(HBO). V raziskavi smo preučevali učinek CO in HBO na zgodnje procese celične smrti v nevronski in mešani kulturi ter ugotavljali, ali se raven glutationa v astrocitih po izpostavljenosti CO in HBO spremeni in ali bi lahko le-ta bil možna nova tarča za zdravljenje zastrupitve s CO.
Metode: Primarne astrocitne, nevronske in mešane celične kulture možganske skorje podgane smo izpostavili 3.000 ppm CO v zraku, nato pa jih v obdobju 24-urne normoksije v različnih časovnih presledkih za 1 uro izpostavili 100-odstotnemu kisiku pri tlaku 3 barov. V celicah mešane in nevronske kulture smo merili aktivnost laktat dehidrogenaze (LDH) in kaspaz 3/7, v astrocitih pa raven glutationa.
Rezultati: CO je povzročil zvišanje aktivnosti LDH in kaspaz 3/7 v nevronskih kulturah, v mešanih pa le zvišanje aktivnosti kaspaz 3/7. Po izpostavitvi CO in HBO se je zvišala aktivnost LDH v nevronskih kulturah in znižala aktivnost kaspaz 3/7 v mešanih kulturah. CO je v astrocitih povzročil znižanje celokupnega glutationa (GSHt), zvišanje glutation disulfida (GSSG) in znižanje GSH/GSSG, po izpostavitvi CO in HBO pa se je zvišala GSHt, znižala GSSG in zvišala GSH/GSSG.
Zaključek: Razlike v citotoksičnem delovanju CO in zaščitni vlogi HBO v nevronski, mešani in astrocitni kulturi kažejo, da so nevroni, ki rastejo brez astrocitov, v primerjavi z mešano kulturo dovzetnejši za škodljive učinke CO ter nakazujejo, da astrociti ob oksidativnem stresu poskušajo ščititi nevrone, ki so pri sintezi glutationa odvisni od njih.
In response to neighbouring Italy’s accelerating outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Slovenia established a national toll-free telephone helpline, which operated from 9 March until ...12 June 2020 and answered more than 40 thousand calls in its first ten weeks alone. It was operated by medical students and integrated professionals from diverse fields in order to provide trustworthy, accurate, and understandable information to the citizens of Slovenia. We examine the impact that this centralised helpline had on managing the COVID-19 health crisis by shaping and monitoring the public’s response.
In this work, we focused on the chemical and (micro)structural changes that occur during curing at different temperatures of geopolymers (GP) prepared with a mullite-based precursor obtained by ...sol-gel synthesis. Several factors, such as the Si-to-Al ratio in the precursors and the curing temperatures, affect geopolymerisation. While potassium, sodium and even lithium are the most commonly studied cations, for this study, we examined geopolymers with sodium cations only. The H2O:Na2O ratio was set high at 22.80 to allow good workability of the paste having in mind the intended thin film application, i.e. the water-to-geopolymer binder ratio was set at 0.64. We performed extensive structural (diffraction and vibrational spectroscopy), morphological (electron microscopy) and electrical (impedance spectroscopy) characterisation, to facilitate an understanding of the conditions behind the optimal geopolymerisation. Particular attention was paid to the study of the evolution of the GP system as a function of curing temperature using solid-state magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance. This allowed us to better understand the influence of the chemical composition of the constituents and their homogeneity, on the evolution of the organizational domains and electrical properties of the GP samples. We have explored the feasibility of moving from a relatively porous bulk to a thin film configuration, highlighting the applicability of geopolymers as constituents in photovoltaic facade systems.
Penicillium expansum-infected apple fruit resulted in a disrupted balance of primary metabolites and impacted the ascorbate–glutathione cycle. The initial decline in fructose, malic acid, shikimic ...acid and total ascorbate content (6 hpi) was followed by a significant increase in malic acid (24 hpi) and total glutathione (3 dpi). Significant increase in sucrose was accompanied by a decline in glucose and ascorbate content (5 dpi). Total glutathione and shikimic acid gradually deteriorated with symptom development. A negative correlation was found between sucrose and ascorbate-glutathione pool. Other correlations were strong amongst other metabolites and lesion size indicating that they may be involved or important for apple fruit decay.
•Decline of primary metabolites occurs to provide energy for antioxidative defence response.•Total GSH significantly increases 3 dpi reflecting an intensification of antioxidative defense.•Lesion size is with fructose and AA in positive and with organic acids and total GSH in negative correlation.•GSH and shikimic acid significantly deteriorated at advanced stages of infection.•Changes in P. expansum infected apples correspond to the general ecophysiological stress–response concept.
Penicillium crustosum is one of the causal agents of apple fruit blue mold decay. It produces mycotoxins and it is widely distributed, although a less aggressive pathogen than P. expansum. Changes in ...sugars (sucrose, glucose, and fructose), organic acids (malic and shikimic), and antioxidants (total glutathione, ascorbate, and phenolics) were monitored in P. crustosum infected apples at 6 and 24 hpi, 3, 5, 7, and 11 dpi. The initial stage of infection (6 hpi) was characterized by a decline in fructose, malic acid, and total phenolic contents, whereas the total glutathione considerably increased. Twenty-four hpi and 3 dpi the strong activation of ascorbate-glutathione cycle correlated significantly with total phenolics and organic acid enhancement at the expense of sugars. At 5 dpi the progress of visible symptoms caused a temporary breakdown of apple defense, leading to degradation of total phenolics, glutathione, and glucose, whereas the fructose as a crucial signal molecule increased significantly. An acclimation of the defense system was achieved at 7 dpi by accumulating fructose, sucrose and antioxidants that further resulted in stable ratio of most of the investigated metabolites at 11 dpi. LDA analysis enabled us to define the fructose, glucose, malic acid and ascorbate-glutathione cycle as crucial temporary marker with balanced cross-induction playing a complex role in apple defense against P. crustosum. In summary, apple fruit reacted on P. crustosum by activating defense mechanisms quickly after inoculation (6 hpi), and stayed at the higher level until 5 dpi when temporary breakdown occurred. Apple fruit managed to recover as metabolites were fairly in balance after 11 dpi. Phenolics were viewed as a wheel of the apple fruit defense mechanism, driven by the ascorbate–glutathione system, while glutathione and fructose are believed to have had a crutial role in signaling.
•Early response during infection (6 hpi): fructose, malic acid, total phenolics decreased, while total glutathione increased.•At 24 hpi and 3 dpi: ascorbate–glutathione cycle was significantly activated.•By 5 dpi: breakdown of the apple fruit defense; degradation of total phenolics and glutathione; increase in fructose.•7dpi: Apple defense recovered by accumulating antioxidants, sucrose and fructose; stayed fairly balanced until 11 dpi.•Fructose, glucose, malic acid and ascorbate-glutathione cycle were crucial temporary markers of apple fruit defense response.
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