Food safety, climate change, the emergence of infectious diseases, the ban on the use of antibiotics as growth promoters, and increasingly demanding intensive production are daily challenges for ...poultry production. A functional immune system is a prerequisite for animal health, and nutrition is one of the modulators of the immune system; therefore, the appropriate balance of nutrients is extremely important for the proper development and maintenance of the immune system of animals. The antimicrobial and immunomodulatory effects of phytobiotics are properties that make their use important as feed additives for poultry. Cannabis sativa L. contains many different compounds such as flavonoids, terpenes, and cannabinoids, each with different properties and effects. The effects of C. sativa seeds, essential oils, and cakes as feed additives for poultry have already been investigated, but the effect of C. sativa L. leaves as a feed additive on immunostimulatory and antibacterial activity has not. The results of this study show that C. sativa as a phytogenic additive to animal feed has a favourable antimicrobial and immunomodulatory effect in the production of broiler chickens. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dried Cannabis sativa L. leaves as a phytogenic mixture added to broiler feed on CD4sup.+ and CD8sup.+ T lymphocyte subpopulations, Newcastle disease virus (NDV) antibody titres, and the presence of E. coli in faecal samples. The study was conducted on 100 male Ross 308 broilers, divided into four groups of 25 broilers, for a 42-day research period. The groups were housed separately in boxes on a litter of softwood shavings and were fed starter mixture from day 1 to day 21 and finisher mixture from day 22 to day 42. Industrial hemp (C. sativa) was grown in the Crkvina area, Croatia (latitude: 45°18′46.8″ N; longitude: 15°31′30″ E). The hemp leaves were manually separated, sun-dried, and ground to a powder. The mixture offered to the control group did not contain cannabis leaves, whereas the three experimental groups received mixtures containing mixed cannabis leaves in a quantity of 10 g/kg, 20 g/kg, or 30 g/kg (E_10, E_20, and E_30, respectively). The mean NDV antibody level was uniform in all study groups until post-vaccination day 14 and increased comparably with time. The percentage of CD4sup.+ and CD8sup.+ lymphocytes in the peripheral blood subpopulation showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.001) in the E_20 group as compared with the control group and both the E_10 and E_30 groups throughout the study period. As the broiler age increased, the CD4sup.+-to-CD8sup.+ ratios also increased and were statistically significant (p < 0.0001) on day 42 in all experimental groups as compared to the control group. Comparing the control group with the experimental groups indicated that the bacterial count was lower in broiler groups having received feed with the addition of 20 g/kg and 30 g/kg C. sativa leaves. In conclusion, the C. sativa leaves were found to elicit a favourable immunomodulatory effect on cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in broilers via increased CD4sup.+ and CD8sup.+ lymphocyte subpopulations and higher CD4sup.+:CD8sup.+ cell ratios, thus indicating enhanced immune function capacity. In addition, C. sativa leaves may have complementary effects on the broiler post-vaccination immune response, increase broilers’ resistance to infectious diseases, reduce the effect of stress associated with vaccination, and improve broiler health and welfare.
This study aimed to assess the presence of thermotolerant Campylobacter spp., as one of the most important foodborne zoonotic pathogens, in three shellfish species: mussels (Mytilus ...galloprovincialis), oysters (Ostrea edulis) and queen scallops (Aequipecten opercularis). The samples were collected from nine locations in the Istrian aquatory, Croatia. Isolation of Campylobacter was done according to standard ISO method, and species were identified using multiplex PCR. Isolates identified as C. jejuni and C. lari were genotyped using multilocus sequence typing (MLST) to determine the potential source of contamination. Among 108 examined samples of bivalve molluscs, mussels dominated and were the only ones found positive for the presence of Campylobacter (25.6%). In total, 19 C. lari and 1 C. jejuni strains were isolated. C. lari isolates found in this study belong to 13 sequence types (STs), and 9 of them are newly described in this paper. Two out of the four previously described C. lari STs that were found in this study were previously found in human stool. The only C. jejuni isolate was found to be sequence type 1268, which belongs to ST-1275 clonal complex that is almost exclusively found in seabirds and can sporadically cause infection in humans. Regarding the obtained results, introducing surveillance of thermotolerant Campylobacter in shellfish in the Republic of Croatia is advised as an improvement for public health safety.
Gulls, as migratory wild birds are known that can spread different pathogens over long distances. Aim of this study was to access prevalence of different
Listeria
species in their population fed at ...the Zagreb landfill site. Altogether, 390 gulls of three species were sampled: Yellow-legged Gull,
Larus michahellis
; Black-headed Gull,
L. ridibundus
and Common Gull,
L. canus.
Most prevalent species was
L. innocua
(14.4%), while
L. monocytogenes
was found in 11.3 % of tested samples. The presence of other species was found in a smaller percentage, namely
L. welshimeri
(1.3%),
L. ivanovii
(0.5%) and
L. seeligeri
(0.3%). Serotyping of
L. monocytogenes isolates
was performed using both molecular and conventional methods, and most isolates belonged to serotypes 1/2a and 1/2b. To the best of our knowledge, this study reports the first results of research on the presence of
L. monocytogenes
and other
Listeria
spp. in wild birds in Croatia.
Za galebove, kao divlje ptice selice, je poznato da mogu širiti različite patogene na velike udaljenosti. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je odrediti prevalenciju različitih vrsta roda
Listeria
u populaciji galebova koja se hrani na zagrebačkom odlagalištu otpada. Sveukupno je pretraženo 390 galebova triju vrsta: galeb klaukavac,
Larus michahellis
; riječni,
L. ridibundus
i burni galeb,
L. canus
. Najzastupljenija vrsta bila je
L. innocua
(14,4 %), dok je
L. monocytogenes
dokazana u 11,3 % ispitanih uzoraka. Prisutnost ostalih vrsta ustanovljena je u manjem postotku, i to
L. welshimeri
(1,3 %),
L. ivanovii
(0,5 %) i
L. seeligeri
(0,3 %). Serotipizacija izolata
L. monocytogenes
provedena je molekularnim i konvencionalnim metodama, a većina izolata pripadala je serotipovima 1/2a i 1/2b. Prema našem saznanju, ova studija donosi prve rezultate istraživanja prisutnosti
L. monocytogenes
i drugih vrsta roda
Listeria
u divljih ptica u Hrvatskoj.
Za galebove je kao divlje ptice selice poznato da mogu na velike udaljenosti širiti različite patogene. Cilj je ovog istraživanja bio odrediti prevalenciju različitih vrsta roda Listeria u populaciji ...galebova koji se hrane na Zagrebačkom odlagalištu otpada. Sveukupno je pretraženo 390 galebova triju vrsta: galeb klaukavac - Larus michahellis; riječni galeb - L. ridibundus i burni galeb - L. canus. Najzastupljenija vrsta bila je L. innocua (14,4 %), dok je L. monocytogenes dokazana u 11,3 % ispitanih uzoraka. Prisutnost ostalih
vrsta zastupljena je u manjem postotku i to L. welshimeri (1,3 %), L. ivanovii (0,5 %) i L. seeligeri (0,3 %). Serotipizacija izolata L. monocytogenes provedena je molekularnim i konvencionalnim metodama, a većina izolata pripadala je serotipovima 1/2a i 1/2b. Prema našem saznanju, ova studija donosi prve rezultate istraživanja prisutnosti L. monocytogenes i drugih vrsta roda Listeria u divljih ptica u Hrvatskoj.
During 2010, the minimum inhibition concentrations (MIC) for 158 isolates of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica were determined. The highest number of isolates belonged to the serovars Enteritidis ...54 (34%), Mbandaka 49 (31%) and Infantis 19 (12%). MICs were determined for ciprofloxacin, cefotaxim, trimethoprim, ampicillin, nalidixic acid, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, streptomycin and sulfamethoxazole. All tested isolates were sensitive to chloramphenicol and streptomycin. A total of 157 (99.3%) isolates were sensitive to gentamicin, 156 (98.7%) to cefotaxim, 154 (97.5%) to tetracycline, 151 (95.5%) to trimethoprim and ampicillin, 135 (85.4%) to ciprofloxacin, 128 (81%) to sulfamethoxazole and 92 (58%) to nalidixic acid. According to the number of antimicrobials to which individual isolates were resistant, 66 (41.7%) isolates were sensitive to all antimicrobials, 68 (43%) were resistant to one antimicrobial, 20 (12.7%) to two antimicrobials and 4 (2.6%) to three tested antimicrobials. In comparison with the level of resistence of Salmonella spp. in other European countries, it can be concluded that strains of Salmonella spp. isolated from poultry in Croatia have satisfactory sensitivity to antimicrobial drugs. Key words: Salmonella, sensitivity, poultry Tijekom 2010. godine odredene su minimalne inhibicijske koncentracije (MIK) za 158 izolata Salmonella spp. Najveci broj izolata pripadao je serovarovima Enteritidis 54 (34%), Mbandaka 49 (31%) i Infantis 19 (12%). Odredivani su MIK-ovi na ciprofloksacin, cefotaksim, trimetoprim, ampicilin, nalidiksicnu kiselinu, gentamicin,, kloramfenikol, tetraciklin, streptomicin i sulfametoksazol. Svi testirani izolati bili su osjetljivi na kloramfenikol i streptomicin. Na gentamicin je bilo osjetljivo 157 (99,3%) izolata, ciprofloksacin i cefotaksim 156 (98,7%), teraciklin 154 (97,5%), trimetoprim i ampicilin 151 (95,5%), sulfametoksazol 128 (81%) i nalidiksicnu kiselini 92 (58%). Prema broju antimikrobnih lijekova na koje je pojedini izolat bio otporan,, 66 (41,7%) izolata bilo je osjetljivo na sve na antimikrobne lijekove, 68 (43%) bilo je otporno na jedan antimikrobni lijek, 20 (12,7%) na dva antimikrobna lijeka i cetiri (2,6%) na tri testirana antimikrobna lijeka. Usporedbom sa stupnjem rezistencije Salmonella spp. u drugim europskim zemljama, mozemo zakljuciti da sojevi Salmonella spp. izdvojeni iz peradi u Hrvatskoj imaju zadovoljavajucu osjetljivost na antimikrobne lijekove. Kljucne rejeci: Salmonella, osjetljivost, perad
Tijekom 2010. godine određene su minimalne inhibicijske koncentracije (MIK) za 158 izolata Salmonella spp. Najveći broj izolata pripadao je serovarovima Enteritidis 54 (34%), Mbandaka 49 (31%) i ...Infantis 19 (12%). Određivani su MIK-ovi na ciprofloksacin, cefotaksim, trimetoprim, ampicilin, nalidiksičnu kiselinu, gentamicin, kloramfenikol, tetraciklin, streptomicin i sulfametoksazol. Svi testirani izolati bili su osjetljivi na kloramfenikol i streptomicin. Na gentamicin je bilo osjetljivo 157 (99,3%) izolata, ciprofloksacin i cefotaksim 156 (98,7%), teraciklin 154 (97,5%), trimetoprim i ampicilin 151 (95,5%), sulfametoksazol 128 (81%) i nalidiksičnu kiselini 92 (58%). Prema broju antimikrobnih lijekova na koje je pojedini izolat bio otporan, 66 (41,7%) izolata bilo je osjetljivo na sve antimikrobne lijekove, 68 (43%) bilo je otporno na jedan antimikrobni lijek, 20 (12,7%) na dva antimikrobna lijeka i četiri (2,6%) na tri testirana antimikrobna lijeka. Usporedbom sa stupnjem rezistencije Salmonella spp. u drugim europskim zemljama, možemo zaključiti da sojevi Salmonella spp. izdvojeni iz peradi u Hrvatskoj imaju zadovoljavajuću osjetljivost na antimikrobne lijekove.
Mikrobiološka ispravnost hrane za perad temeljni je preduvjet zdravlja i proizvodnosti u peradarstvu. Prisutnost različitih bakterija kao što su primjerice bakterije iz rodova Salmonella, ...Clostridium, E. coli i Staphylococcus te plijesni u hrani indirektno mogu predstavljaju problem i u javnom zdravstvu. Razlog tome su patogenost, toksikogenost, sposobnost prilagođavanja bakterija i plijesni na različite uvjete okoliša te različite mogućnosti širenja patogenih mikroorganizama. U peradarstvu, mikrobiološki neispravna hrana, pored štetnog u_inka na zdravlje životinja, uzrokuje i ekonomske gubitke u proizvodnji. U našem istraživanju ispitivali smo mikrobiološku ispravnost uzoraka kukuruza, gotovih smjesa i mesno koštanog brašna. Utvrđeno je 4,5% neispravnih uzoraka zbog prisutnosti bakterija iz rodova Salmonella i Clostridium. Ukupan broj bakterija koji je prelazio dozvoljeni maksimalni broj u hrani utvrđen je u 2,5% uzoraka. U 5,5% uzoraka utvrđen je ukupan broj kvasaca i plijesni koji je bio iznad dopuštene granice pri čemu su najčešće utvrđene plijesni pripadale rodovima Fusarium i Mucor. Usprkos pretraženom relativno malom broju uzoraka, utvrđeni rezultati ukazuju na pojavnost mikrobiološki neispravne hrane, što zahtijeva redovitu kontrolu uzoraka hrane.
Peradarska je proizvodnja u Hrvatskoj tijekom 2003. i 2004. godine, unatoč gospodarskim poteškoćama, zadržala razinu iz prethodnih godina. Primje-ćuje se, međutim, restrukturiranje peradarskih ...proizvođača u smislu okrupnjavanja proizvodnje. Izgrađeno je i dosta novih nastambi za perad koje su opremljene najsuvremenijom opremom, a i dosta je starih nastambi adaptirano i opremljeno novim sustavima. Pojedini proizvođači kasne u primjeni novih tehnoloških rješenja i spoznaja, i to pretežito mali pro-izvođači koji će se vjerojatno izgubiti u tržišnoj utakmici. Analizirane smjese za hranidbu peradi u većini su slučajeva po kemijskom sastavu i higijenskim zahtjevima bile na zadovoljavajućoj razini. Dio smjesa za tov pilića ipak je sadržavao manju količinu proteina i metaboličke energije, pa se u takvim slučajevima ne iskorištavaju u potpunosti potencijali modernih hibrida tovnih pilića i tako gubi profit. Zdravlje se peradi u Hrvatskoj tijekom protekle dvije godine općenito može ocijeniti zadovoljavajućim. Zarazna bolest burze (gumborska bolest), koja je uzrokovala značajne gospodarske gubitke tijekom proteklih desetak godina, sada je u opadanju, no izrazito se povećala učestalost zarazne kržljavosti. S obzirom da se zarazna kržljavost sprečava ponajprije pridržavanjem temeljnih tehnoloških postulata peradarske proizvodnje, smatramo da ovoj bolesti ne bi smjelo biti mjesta u našoj intenzivnoj peradarskoj proizvodnji. Bakterije iz roda Salmonella su u 2004. izdvojene u daleko većem broju negoli u prethodne dvije godine, međutim najveći broj izolata odnosi se na salmonele iz skupine «C1». S. Enteritidis, koji je bio najčešći serovar tijekom proteklih desetak godina, zapravo je u laganom opadanju, dok je serovar S. Typhimurium nešto češće izdvajan. Učestalo izdvajanje salmonela iz skupine «C1» upućuje na njihovu nazočnost u smjesama za hranidbu peradi, čemu treba posvetiti posebnu pozornost.
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