Green spaces are becoming increasingly important for cities due to the growing pressures of urbanization and climate change. Along with trees, shrubs, and lawns, flower beds are an important part of ...urban green spaces. The majority of flower beds in public spaces consist of annual and biennial flower species. Such seasonal flower beds feature eye-catching colors but require significant effort to maintain and manage. Compared to these conventional flower beds, those with herbaceous perennials are more ecologically effective and less costly to maintain, and therefore more sustainable. The aim of this research was to analyze flower beds with perennials in the public green spaces of the city of Zagreb and to develop a tool based on predefined criteria and indicators to evaluate the sustainability of flower beds. In the context of the research, sustainability meant appropriate selection of flower species based on environmental conditions (temperature, light, precipitation), species diversity, greater ground cover and extensiveness of maintenance. The research results showed that there were 327 flower beds with perennials planted in the ground. The constructed Flower Bed Sustainability Index (FBSI) showed that the majority of these perennial beds (56.3%) had a conventional character, as only 28.1% of the beds had a completely correct species selection. This result indicates that the use of perennials does not necessarily guarantee the sustainability of flower beds, since, as in the case of flower beds with seasonal flowers, it depends, among other things, on the correct selection of species adapted to local environmental conditions. The FBSI is shown to be a suitable tool for assessing the degree of sustainability of a flower bed and could be a useful tool in landscape design and management of such types of green spaces.
Tržište ukrasnog bilja oskudijeva ponudom cvatućih vrsta tijekom kasno jesenskog i zimskog razdoblja, a potražnja raste u vrijeme božićnih blagdana. Uzgoj geofita otpornih na hladnoću koji su tijekom ...ljeta proveli prividno mirovanje i formirali cvjetne pupove za narednu sezonu relativno je jednostavan i pada u vrijeme kad zaštićeni prostori za sezonsku proizvodnju nisu iskorišteni do maksimuma svojih kapaciteta. Cilj ovog rada je objasniti životni ciklus geofita kod kojih do formiranja cvjetova dolazi tijekom ljeta, te postupke za dobivanje cvatućih lončanica za kasno jesensko i zimsko razdoblje kad na tržištu nedostaje takvih vrsta. Na primjeru zumbula i narcisa, kao vrsta koje su u većem broju zastupljene na europskom tržištu, a koje tijekom ljeta provode prividno mirovanje objašnjen je postupak predtretmana hladnoćom i uzgoj u zaštićenom prostoru za proizvodnju cvatućih lončanica kao i biljaka za rez.
The ornamental plant market is short on supply of flowering species during the late autumn and winter period, and demand increases during the Christmas holidays. Cultivation of cold-resistant geophytes that spent the summer dormant and formed flower buds for the next season is relatively simple and falls at a time when protected areas for seasonal production are not used to their maximum capacity. The aim of this paper is to explain the life cycle of geophytes that form flowers during the summer, and the procedures for obtaining flowering potted plants for the late autumn and winter period when there is a lack of such species on the market. Using the example of hyacinths and daffodils, as species that are represented in greater numbers on the European market, and which spend an apparent rest during the summer, the procedure of pre-treatment with cold and cultivation in a protected area for the production of flowering potted plants as well as plants for cutting is explained.
Krajem vegetacijske sezone cvate manji broj biljnih vrsta, a one koje cvatu uglavnom se koriste kao biljne vrste za uređivanje interijera. Cilj ovog rada je prikazati taksonomsku pripadnost i ...porijeklo ciklame, način uzgoja, mogućnosti primjene te mjere njege i održavanja. Rod Cyclamen pripada porodici Primulaceae. Komercijalno najvažnija vrsta je Cyclamen persicum Mill. koja potječe s krajnjeg istoka Mediterana. Uzgaja se iz sjemena, u polusjeni, pri temperaturama 18-20 °C i uz 50-70 % relativne vlage zraka. Potrebna je konstantna, ali umjerena razina hraniva koju treba prilagođavati razvoju biljke. Ciklami, premda se koristi kao sobna lončanica, više odgovara primjena u uvjetima nižih temperatura pa su idealne za primjenu na hladnim verandama i stubištima, ostakljenim ulaznim prostorima. Mogu se koristiti i kao cvjetna vrsta za rez. Kombinacijom različitih kultivara dulje i kraće vegetacije, nastoji se osigurati opskrba tržišta ciklamama od početka jeseni do kraja zime.
Cyclamen are mainly used as plant species for interior decoration. The aim of this work is to show the taxonomic affiliation and origin of cyclamen, its’ morphology, the method of cultivation, the possibilities of implementation so as care and maintenance. The genus Cyclamen belongs to the Primulaceae family. The most commercially important species is Cyclamen persicum Mill. which originates from the far east of the Mediterranean. It is grown from seed, in partial shade, at temperatures of 18-20 °C and with 50-70% relative humidity. A constant but moderate level of nutrients is needed, which should be adapted to the growth of the plant. Although cyclamen are used as indoor potted plants, they are more suitable for use in conditions of lower temperatures, so they are ideal for use on cold verandas and staircases, glazed entrance areas. They can also be used as a cut flower. By combining different cultivars with longer and shorter growing seasons, we try to supply the market with cyclamen from the beginning of autumn to the end of winter.
Vrste roda Helleborus se u ukrasnoj hortikulturi koriste kao vrtne biljke, lončanice za primjenu u vanjskom prostoru, kao vrste za uređenje interijera, a sve se više traže kao cvjetna vrsta za rez ...tijekom zime. Cilj ovog rada je opisati osnovne morfološke značajke i uvjete uzgoja vrsta roda Helleborus te dati pregled asortimana vrsta i kultivara kasnojesenske i zimske cvatnje. Pregledom literature utvrđeno je da Helleborus niger L., crni kukurijek, na tržištu postaje sve traženija ukrasna biljka, a prate ga i križanci između vrste H. orientalis i drugih vrsta ovoga roda (H. × hybridus). Iako tržišno slabo zastupljene u ukrasnoj hortikulturi se primjenjuju i druge vrste (H. viridis, H. foetidus, H. purpurascens, H. tibethanus, H. vesicarius te H. multifidus) te sve veći broj kultivara. Za cvatnju početkom zime, posebno u vrijeme Božića, najpoznatija je vrsta Helleborus niger L., a sve se više komercijaliziraju i međuvrsni križanci. Pri tome osobit značaj imaju križanci između vrsta H. niger, H. argutifolius Viv. i H. lividus Aiton. Razmnožavanje je moguće sjemenom, dijeljenjem te kulturom tkiva. Uzgaja se u uzgojnim posudama 12- 14 cm promjera u koje se sadi od 50. do 18. tjedna. Potreban mu je supstrat pH od 5,8 do 6,0, ne podnosi visoku razinu soli u tlu, a za prodaju početkom zime uzgaja se u zaštićenim prostorima od sredine listopada. Osjetljiv je na visoku vlagu, koja uz visoke temperature potencira pojavu bolesti (Fusarium, Pythium i Phytophtora).
Species of the genus Helleborus are used in ornamental horticulture as garden plants, potted plants for outdoor use, as species for interior decoration, and are increasingly sought after as a cut flower species for winter. The aim of this paper is to describe the basic morphological characteristics and growing conditions of Helleborus species and to provide an overview of the range of species and cultivars of late autumn and winter flowering. A review of the literature revealed that Helleborus niger L., Christmas Rose, is becoming an increasingly sought-after ornamental plant on the market, followed by hybrids between H. orientalis and other species of this genus (H. × hybridus). Although poorly represented in ornamental horticulture, other species (H. viridis, H. foetidus, H. purpurascens, H. tibethanus, H. vesicarius and H. multifidus) and an increasing number of cultivars are also used. Helleborus niger L. is the best known species for flowering at the beginning of winter, especially at Christmas time, and interspecific hybrids are also becoming more and more commercialized. Of particular importance are the crosses between the species H. niger L., H. argutifolius Viv. and H. lividus Aiton. Propagation is possible by seed, division and tissue culture. It is grown in pots 12-14 cm in diameter in which it is planted from 50th to 18th weeks. It needs a substrate pH of 5.8 to 6.0, does not tolerate high levels of salt in the soil, and for sale in early winter is grown in green houses from mid-October. It is sensitive to high humidity, which with high temperatures potentiates the appearance of diseases (Fusarium, Pythium and Phytophtora).
The ornamental plant market is short on supply of flowering species during the late autumn and winter period, and demand increases during the Christmas holidays. Cultivation of cold-resistant ...geophytes that spent the summer dormant and formed flower buds for the next season is relatively simple and falls at a time when protected areas for seasonal production are not used to their maximum capacity. The aim of this paper is to explain the life cycle of geophytes that form flowers during the summer, and the procedures for obtaining flowering potted plants for the late autumn and winter period when there is a lack of such species on the market. Using the example of hyacinths and daffodils, as species that are represented in greater numbers on the European market, and which spend an apparent rest during the summer, the procedure of pre-treatment with cold and cultivation in a protected area for the production of flowering potted plants as well as plants for cutting is explained
Species of the genus Helleborus are used in ornamental horticulture as garden plants, potted plants for outdoor use, as species for interior decoration, and are increasingly sought after as a cut ...flower species for winter. The aim of this paper is to describe the basic morphological characteristics and growing conditions of Helleborus species and to provide an overview of the range of species and cultivars of late autumn and winter flowering. A review of the literature revealed that Helleborus niger L., Christmas Rose, is becoming an increasingly sought-after ornamental plant on the market, followed by hybrids between H. orientalis and other species of this genus (H. × hybridus). Although poorly represented in ornamental horticulture, other species (H. viridis, H. foetidus, H. purpurascens, H. tibethanus, H. vesicarius and H. multifidus) and an increasing number of cultivars are also used. Helleborus niger L. is the best known species for flowering at the beginning of winter, especially at Christmas time, and interspecific hybrids are also becoming more and more commercialized. Of particular importance are the crosses between the species H. niger L., H. argutifolius Viv. and H. lividus Aiton. Propagation is possible by seed, division and tissue culture. It is grown in pots 12-14 cm in diameter in which it is planted from 50th to 18th weeks. It needs a substrate pH of 5.8 to 6.0, does not tolerate high levels of salt in the soil, and for sale in early winter is grown in green houses from mid-October. It is sensitive to high humidity, which with high temperatures potentiates the appearance of diseases (Fusarium, Pythium and Phytophtora).
Cyclamen are mainly used as plant species for interior decoration. The aim of this work is to show the taxonomic affiliation and origin of cyclamen, its’ morphology, the method of cultivation, the ...possibilities of implementation so as care and maintenance. The genus Cyclamen belongs to the Primulaceae family. The most commercially important species is Cyclamen persicum Mill. which originates from the far east of the Mediterranean. It is grown from seed, in partial shade, at temperatures of 18-20 °C and with 50-70% relative humidity. A constant but moderate level of nutrients is needed, which should be adapted to the growth of the plant. Although cyclamen are used as indoor potted plants, they are more suitable for use in conditions of lower temperatures, so they are ideal for use on cold verandas and staircases, glazed entrance areas. They can also be used as a cut flower. By combining different cultivars with longer and shorter growing seasons, we try to supply the market with cyclamen from the beginning of autumn to the end of winter.
The green infrastructure of Zagreb’s Lower Town is made up of row-planted trees and green spaces within blocks of buildings. All schools are surrounded by green spaces that have a positive impact on ...the environment. Although most green spaces contribute to improving the quality of life, they also contain toxic and allergenic species which are potentially hazardous, particularly to children. This paper aims to make an inventory of plant species in the environment of primary schools in Zagreb’s Lower Town district, and to determine the presence of toxic and allergenic species. The field research was conducted from March to the end of May 2021 at 7 primary school locations. 13 either annual or biennial plant families were catalogued. In total, 34 species of herbaceous perennials and geophytes, and 36 species of trees from 17 plant families were listed. A total of 38 species of shrubs and climbers were found. Also, a total of 35 poisonous and 28 allergenic plant taxa are planted in the green spaces surrounding primary schools. The most common poisonous species found are
and
, and
, a highly poisonous species, was also found. No moderately poisonous species have been found at all. As far as allergenic species are concerned, school environments are dominated by those that produce low and moderate levels of pollen concentration in the air. Species that produce high levels of pollen concentration (e.g.,
,
, etc.) are the least represented ones, while species that produce a very high concentration of pollen have not been recorded in any of the localities.
Premda grad Zagreb ima dugu tradiciju uređenja vrtova i gradskih zelenih površina, podaci o vrstama koje se pritom koriste su uglavnom novijeg datuma i odnose se prvenstveno na 20. i 21. stoljeće. S ...druge strane, navodi o vrstama koje su se koristile u uređenju javnih i privatnih zelenih površina u 19. stoljeću su rijetki tj. spominju se tek sporadično i marginalno u sklopu literature koja obrađuje širu povijest Zagreba ili povijest zagrebačke krajobrazne arhitekture. Cilj rada bio je utvrditi koje su drvenaste vrste korištene u uređenju javnih površina zelenila grada Zagreba u 19. stoljeću. Analiza je provedena uz upotrebu dostupnih literaturnih podataka. Na temelju sekundarnih izvora podataka, sastavljena je baza ukrasnih drvenastih vrsta koje su se sadile na javnim površinama zelenila grada Zagreba u 19. stoljeću. Sakupljeni su podaci o korištenim vrstama, godini (ili drugoj vremenskoj odrednici) spominjanja, namjeni te specifičnoj lokaciji. Istraživanjem je utvrđeno da su u 19. stoljeću uglavnom u primjeni listopadne stablašice kao alejna stabla, grupacije stabala ili soliteri. Najčešće sađene vrste bile su iz rodova:
Platanus, Acer, Populus, Liriodendron, Betula, Tilia
i
Morus
, a od drvenastih penjačica zabilježene su bršljan (
Hedera helix
) i vinova loza (
Vitis vinifera
). Naveliko su se koristile ruže (
Rosa
spp.).
Although the city of Zagreb has a long tradition of designing gardens and city green areas, the data on the species used are mostly recent and refer primarily to the 20th and 21st centuries. On the other hand, references to the species used in the design of public and private green areas in the 19th century are rare, i.e. they are mentioned only sporadically and marginally within the literature that deals with the wider history of Zagreb or the history of Zagreb's landscape architecture. The aim of this work was to determine the woody species used in the landscaping of public green areas of the city of Zagreb in the 19th century. The analysis was carried out with the use of available literature data. Based on the secondary literature sources used, a database of ornamental woody species that were used on public green areas of the city of Zagreb in the 19th century was compiled. Data were collected on the species used, year (or other time frame) of mention, purpose and specific location. Research has established that in the 19th century deciduous tree species were mostly used as alley trees or solitaires. The most frequently planted species were from the genera:
Platanus, Acer, Populus, Liriodendron, Betula, Tilia
and
Morus
, and, from the woody climbers, ivy (
Hedera helix
) and vines (
Vitis vinifera
) were noted. Roses (
Rosa
spp.) were widely used.
In some countries, such as Croatia, horticultural therapy (HT) is still in its early stages, which is reflected in the extremely low use of this therapy in practice. The main reasons for this are the ...lack of necessary infrastructure (outdoor or indoor spaces for horticultural activities) and formal education that would allow HT to be carried out safely. The aim of the research was to determine the awareness and perception of the staff of the Special Hospital for the Protection of Children with Neurodevelopmental and Motor Disabilities in Zagreb about the benefits and possibilities of introducing HT into regular therapeutic activities. The research was conducted in 2019 by means of a survey among members of the reference population, i.e., a sample of 120 health workers of the referred hospital. The results show that most respondents are familiar with the concept of horticultural therapy, while as many as 88 % of respondents believe that horticultural therapy is not or is insufficiently known in their environment. Most of the respondents do not recommend HT to their patients. Additional training in HT is considered important or very important by almost all respondents, regardless of where such training would take place. At the same time, 89 % of respondents believe that additional training and the use of HT would significantly improve the overall psychophysical condition of patients and stimulate more competition among colleagues which will lead to a broader application of horticultural therapy. The results show that healthcare professionals are interested in HT in healthcare facilities and are willing to be trained in its safe use.
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