Current trend in nuclear reactor physics is a transition from technologies using thermal neutrons to technologies utilizing fast neutrons. Unfortunately focus was put mainly on the thermal neutrons ...for a long time and lead to very good knowledge about this low energy region, but very scarce coverage of the high energy region. This means that there is a gap in the knowledge of excitation functions for higher energies. This gap spreads from 20 MeV up to 1 GeV and higher. This is exactly the energy region needed for description of advanced nuclear systems such as accelerator driven systems (ADS). Our group from Nuclear Physics Institute (NPI) of the CAS is a member of an international collaboration Energy & Transmutation of Radioactive Waste (E&T RAW). This collaboration focuses on ADS for many years. In order to measure neutron field within ADS models it is necessary to know excitation functions of reactions used to monitor the neutron field. In many cases there are almost no experimental data for suitable reactions. Worse and quite common case is that there are no data at all. Therefore we are also focusing on measurements of these data in order to fill the databases as well as to allow further improvements of codes for nuclear data calculations.
the objective of the present investigation was to measure the extracellular concentrations of cefpirome in unaffected and infected lung tissue of septic patients.
a single intravenous dose of 30 ...mg/kg total body weight of cefpirome was administered to eight patients every 12 h prior to insertion of microdialysis probes into lung tissue.
the median (minimum, maximum) peak concentration (C(max)), time to C(max) (T(max)), area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 4 h (AUC(0-4)) and AUC(0-∞) of unbound cefpirome for unaffected lung were 48 (32, 107) mg/L, 0.83 (0.17, 3.17) h, 117 (60, 177) mg · h/L and 182 (80, 382) mg · h/L, respectively. The corresponding values for infected lung tissue were 45 (6, 122) mg/L, 1.17 (0.83, 2.83) h, 92 (17, 253) mg · h/L and 206 (49, 379) mg · h/L, respectively. The median apparent terminal elimination half-lives (t(½z)) of cefpirome were 2.61, 3.05 and 3.39 h for plasma, unaffected lung and infected lung, respectively. The median ratios of the AUC(0)(-∞) for lung to the AUC(0)(-∞) for plasma were 0.63 (0.19, 1.55) and 0.46 (0.32, 0.98) for unaffected and infected lung, respectively.
we provide strong evidence that cefpirome penetrates effectively into the extracellular space fluid of lung tissue. Under steady-state conditions, the median concentrations of cefpirome in plasma, unaffected lung and infected lung exceeded the MICs of the majority of relevant bacteria over the entire dosing interval of up to 12 h after intravenous administration of a dose of 30 mg/kg total body weight.
The purpose of this study was to determine whether intramyocellular glucose partitioning was altered in primary human myotubes derived from severely obese women with type 2 diabetes. Human skeletal ...muscle cells were obtained from lean nondiabetic and severely obese Caucasian females with type 2 diabetes body mass index (BMI): 23.6 ± 2.6 vs. 48.8 ± 1.9 kg/m
, fasting glucose: 86.9 ± 1.6 vs. 135.6 ± 12.0 mg/dL,
= 9/group. 1-
C-Glucose metabolism (glycogen synthesis, glucose oxidation, and nonoxidized glycolysis) and 1- and 2-
C-pyruvate oxidation were examined in fully differentiated myotubes under basal and insulin-stimulated conditions. Tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates were determined via targeted metabolomics. Myotubes derived from severely obese individuals with type 2 diabetes exhibited impaired insulin-mediated glucose partitioning with reduced rates of glycogen synthesis and glucose oxidation and increased rates of nonoxidized glycolytic products, when compared with myotubes derived from the nondiabetic individuals (
< 0.05). Both 1- and 2-
C-pyruvate oxidation rates were significantly blunted in myotubes from severely obese women with type 2 diabetes compared with myotubes from the nondiabetic controls. Lastly, concentrations of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates, namely, citrate (
< 0.05), cis-aconitic acid (
= 0.07), and α-ketoglutarate (
< 0.05), were lower in myotubes from severely obese women with type 2 diabetes. These data suggest that intramyocellular insulin-mediated glucose partitioning is intrinsically altered in the skeletal muscle of severely obese women with type 2 diabetes in a manner that favors the production of glycolytic end products. Defects in pyruvate dehydrogenase and tricarboxylic acid cycle may be responsible for this metabolic derangement associated with type 2 diabetes.
The first version of the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) was released to users in 1993, and since that time IPUMS has come to stand for interoperable and accessible census and survey ...data. Initially created to harmonize U.S. census microdata over time, IPUMS now includes microdata from the U.S. and international censuses and from surveys on health, employment, and other topics. IPUMS also provides geo-spatial data, aggregate population data, and environmental data. IPUMS supports ten data products, each disseminating an integrated data collection with a set of tools that make complex data easy to find, access, and use. Key features are record-level integration to create interoperable datasets, user-friendly interfaces, and comprehensive metadata and documentation. The IPUMS philosophy aligns closely with the FAIR principles of findability, accessibility, interoperability, and re-usability. IPUMS data have catalyzed knowledge generation across a wide range of social science and other disciplines, as evidenced by the large volume of publications and other products created by the vast IPUMS user community.
Purpose: To evaluate pregabalin (PGB), 150 mg/day, and PGB, 600 mg/day, as an add‐on treatment for patients with refractory partial seizures concurrently treated with one to three anticonvulsants ...(AEDs).
Methods: An international (13 countries), multicenter (45 centers), 12‐week, double‐blind, randomized study in which patients with partial seizures received placebo (n = 96); PGB, 150 mg/day (n = 99); or PGB, 600 mg/day (n = 92); given 3 times a day (t.i.d.). The primary efficacy criterion was reduction in seizure frequency during treatment as compared with baseline, as measured by RRatio, the symmetrical percentage change in seizure rates determined from daily seizure diaries. The RRatio between the 8‐week baseline (pretreatment phase) and the 12‐week treatment period were compared between each of the PGB groups and the placebo group by using an analysis of variance analysis of the intent‐to‐treat population.
Results: PGB, 150 mg/day and 600 mg/day, were both significantly more effective than placebo in reducing the RRatio –11.5 (p = 0.0007) and –31.4 (p ≤ 0.0001), respectively, vs. 0.9. These RRatio values correspond to seizure‐frequency reductions from baseline of –1.8, 20.6, and 47.8% for placebo, 150 mg/day, and 600 mg/day, respectively. PGB efficacy was significantly dose related (p ≤ 0.0001). Secondary efficacy variables corroborated the findings of the primary analysis. Significantly more patients were responders (≥50% reduction in seizure frequency) in the PGB, 600 mg/day (43.5%), group than in the placebo group (6.2%) (p ≤ 0.001). PGB was well tolerated. Dose‐related, treatment‐emergent adverse events (≥10%), mostly mild or moderate in intensity, were somnolence, dizziness, ataxia, diplopia, and weight gain. The withdrawal rate due to adverse events was 10% of patients at 150 mg/day and 18.5% of patients at 600 mg/day, compared with 6.2% of patients receiving placebo.
Conclusions: PGB, 150 mg/day and 600 mg/day, is highly effective and well‐tolerated add‐on therapy in patients with partial seizures.
The international collaboration Energy and Transmutation of Radioactive Waste (E&T RAW) performed intensive studies of several simple accelerator-driven system (ADS) setups consisting of lead, ...uranium and graphite which were irradiated by relativistic proton and deuteron beams in the past years at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna, Russia. The most recent setup called Quinta, consisting of natural uranium target-blanket and lead shielding, was irradiated by deuteron beams in the energy range between 1 and 8 GeV in three accelerator runs at JINR Nuclotron in 2011 and 2012 with yttrium samples among others inserted inside the setup to measure the neutron flux in various places. Suitable activation detectors serve as one of possible tools for monitoring of proton and deuteron beams and for measurements of neutron field distribution in ADS studies. Yttrium is one of such suitable materials for monitoring of high energy neutrons. Various threshold reactions can be observed in yttrium samples. The yields of isotopes produced in the samples were determined using the activation method. Monte Carlo simulations of the reaction rates leading to production of different isotopes were performed in the MCNPX transport code and compared with the experimental results obtained from the yttrium samples.
Improvements of the Monte Carlo transport codes and cross-section libraries are very important steps towards usage of the accelerator-driven transmutation systems. We have conducted a lot of ...benchmark experiments with different set-ups consisting of lead, natural uranium and moderator irradiated by relativistic protons and deuterons within framework of the collaboration "Energy and Transmutation of Radioactive Waste". Unfortunately, the knowledge of the total or partial cross-sections of important reactions is insufficient. Due to this reason we have started extensive studies of different reaction cross-sections. We measure cross-sections of important neutron reactions by means of the quasi-monoenergetic neutron sources based on the cyclotrons at Nuclear Physics Institute in e and at The Svedberg Laboratory in Uppsala. Measurements of partial cross-sections of relativistic deuteron reactions were the second direction of our studies. The new results obtained during last years will be shown. Possible use of these data for improvement of libraries, models and benchmark studies will be discussed.
Positron emission tomography (PET) studies in Parkinson’s’ disease (PD) using the radioligand 11CPK11195 have demonstrated increased binding to TSPO, in particular in the nigrostriatal system. ...However, due to high non-specific binding 11CPK11195 is not ideal for quantitative analysis. In the present study we used the new radioligand 11CPBR28 in 24 patients with PD, following confirmation of the diagnosis by PET imaging of the dopamine transporter (18FFE-PE2I). 11CPBR28 data was quantified by linear graphic analysis, using an arterial input function and wavelet aided parametric imaging. DNA polymorphism for TSPO (A147T) was controlled for by genetic analysis. The total distribution volume, VT, was similar across brain regions with slightly higher levels in the thalamus. The mean VT values ranged from 2.60 in the substantia nigra to 3.54 in the thalamus. The inter-subject variability in VT was high and could be related to TSPO genotype. There were no correlations between 11CPBR28 and 18FFE-PE2I binding. The radioligand 11CPBR28 shows suitable characteristics for quantitative imaging of TSPO binding in brain. For clinical applications, i.e. studies on disease pathophysiology, TSPO genotyping is needed. Preliminary analysis suggests that patients with PD may not have conspicuous upregulation of TSPO in the nigrostriatal system. Note: The data presented are a subset of results from a double-blind, placebo-controlled study to assess the effect of treatment with AZD3241 on microglia activation using PET.
In 1998, the National Research Council published People and Pixels: Linking Remote Sensing and Social Science. The volume focused on emerging research linking changes in human populations and land ...use/land cover to shed light on issues of sustainability, human livelihoods, and conservation, and led to practical innovations in agricultural planning, hazard impact analysis, and drought monitoring. Since then, new research opportunities have emerged thanks to the growing variety of remotely sensed data sources, an increasing array of georeferenced social science data, including data from mobile devices, and access to powerful computation cyberinfrastructure. In this article, we outline the key extensions of the People and Pixels foundation since 1998 and highlight several breakthroughs in research on human-environment interactions. We also identify pressing research problems—disaster, famine, drought, war, poverty, climate change—and explore how interdisciplinary approaches integrating people and pixels are being used to address them.
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