This chapter describes the experimental studies demonstrating that the virus SARS-CoV is the aetiological agent of the disease SARS. Clinical and post-mortem specimens from 436 SARS patients in six ...countries were tested for infection with SARS-CoV, human metapneumovirus, and other respiratory pathogens. SARS-CoV infection was diagnosed in 75% of patients fitting the case definition of SARS, hMPV was diagnosed in only 12%, and other respiratory pathogens were found only sporadically, suggesting that SARS-CoV was the most likely etiologic agent of SARS. Four SARS-CoV-infected macaques excreted SARS-CoV from nose, mouth, and pharynx and displayed pathological signs very similar to those of humans suffering from SARS. Replication in SARS-CoV-infected macaques of pneumonia comparable to that in SARS, combined with the high prevalence of SARS-CoV infection in SARS patients, fulfills Koch's postulates and proves that SARS-CoV is the primary cause of SARS.
European H16N3 gull influenza virus attaches to the human respiratory tract and eye Lindskog , Cecilia (Uppsala University, Uppsala(Suède). Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory); Ellström , Patrik (Uppsala University, Uppsala(Suède). Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Bacteriology); Olsen , Björn (Uppsala University, Uppsala(Suède). Department of Medical Sciences, Infectious Diseases) ...
2013
Publication
We explored the attachment of an H16N3 influenza virus to human, mallard, and gull tissues using virus histochemistry applied to tissue microarrays and employing human and mallard viruses as ...references. Of the viruses tested, the H16N3 gull virus most readily attached to the human respiratory tract and eye. These results underscore the need to assess the potential for gull influenza viruses to replicate in human tissues and further investigate the role of gulls in influenza virus ecology.
Because 75% of emerging human diseases worldwide over the past two decades have originated from animal sources, there has been considerable consternation in the public health and veterinary ...communities. Infectious diseases remain a leading cause of death around the world. ... it is tough to know where the next pathogen will come from, or when.
We constructed an 80-m-long above-ground tunnel to reach 8 blinds in a colony of Double-crested Cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) and American White Pelicans (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos), and secured ...specimens by use of a light-weight telescopic rod with attachments. We visited the tunnel-and-blind system every third day during the breeding seasons of 1994-96 and collected 16 cormorant and 8 pelican eggs, 67 pelican and 61 cormorant carcasses, and 77 live cormorants without leaving the system. Nest abandonment due to investigator disturbance was concentrated in an area within about 20 m of the tunnel entrance. We believe the above system could be useful in other studies of ground-nesting colonial waterbirds, especially those requiring repeated access to a large number of nests and collection of specimens.
To deal with the rising integration of stochastic renewables and energy intensive distributed energy resources (DER) to the electricity network, alternatives to expensive network reinforcements are ...increasingly needed. An alternative solution often under consideration is integrating flexibility from the consumer side to system management. However, such a solution needs to be contemplated from different angles before it can be implemented in practice. To this end, this article considers a case study of the Amsterdam ArenA stadium and its surrounding network where flexibility is expected to be available to support the network in the future. The article studies the technical aspects of using this flexibility to determine to what extent, despite the different, orthogonal goals, the available flexibility can be used by various stakeholders in scenarios with a large load from electric vehicle charging points. Furthermore, a legal study is performed to determine the feasibility of the technical solutions proposed by analysing current European Union (EU) and Dutch law and focusing on the current agreements existing between the parties involved. The article shows that flexibility in the network provided by Amsterdam ArenA is able to significantly increase the number of charging points the network can accommodate. Nonetheless, while several uses of flexibility are feasible under current law, the use of flexibility provided by electric vehicles specifically faces several legal challenges in current arrangements.
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