Previous literature on racism and adverse mental health largely focuses on individual-level exposures. We investigate whether and to what extent structural racism, as measured by police killings of ...unarmed African Americans, affect a severe and acute mental health outcome among African Americans: depression-related Emergency Department (ED) visits. We used police killings of unarmed African Americans as our exposure and depression-related ED visits (per 100,000 population) as our outcome. We examined the relation across 75 counties from five US states between 2013 and 2015 (2700 county-months). Linear fixed effect analyses controlled for time-invariant county-factors as well as the number of hospitals and arrests for violent crimes (per 100,000 population). Police killings of unarmed African Americans correspond with an 11% increase in ED visits per 100,000 population related to depression among African Americans in the concurrent month and three months following the exposure (p < 0.05). Researchers and policymakers may want to consider prevention efforts to reduce racial bias in policing and implement surveillance of fatal police encounters. These encounters, moreover, may worsen mental health and help-seeking in the ED among African Americans not directly connected to the encounter.
•Police are almost 3.5 times more likely to kill Blacks than whites in the US.•We test whether these killings adversely affect mental health.•Police killings of unarmed Blacks precede increased ED visits for depression.
Multi‐objective optimization is used for optimizing a number of objectives simultaneously. Mostly, the optimization algorithms considered the previous iterative position to find the next position ...updates. The main intention of this research is to design and develop a new model to solve the computational complexity, and the resource allocation problem. Based on this perspective, the Taylor series model and its predictive theory are applied to Spider Monkey Optimization (SMO), and a new optimization, named Taylor‐Spider Monkey Optimization (TaySMO) is developed. The proposed TaySMO computes the updated position of the swarm using the local leader phase and the global leader phase. However, a new position update equation is derived to enhance the searching process of the SMO. Here, multiple objectives such as, throughput, power, and fairness index are considered to solve the resource allocation problem. However, the performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated using the conventional optimization function in terms of fitness function and convergence criteria as the mean square error (MSE) with the neural network learning is 0.3747, congestion rate of the resource allocation problem is 8.736E‐23, and MSE of the spectrum sensing is 8.74E‐23, respectively.
Interference is considered as the major problem in the next-generation wireless systems to attain higher throughput. The conventional interference cancelation techniques attain a theoretical breach ...in endorsing the wireless systems. However, the interference in the signals causes an error or imprecise estimation of the channel for future fifth-generation (5 G) transmissions. Thus, this paper proposes a technique, named Fractional Sequential Likelihood Ascent Search (Fractional-SLAS) for mitigating the interference in massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) systems in 5 G technology. The proposed Fractional-SLAS is the integration of Fractional calculus (FC) and Sequential Likelihood Ascent Search Detector (SLAS). Initially, the signals are transmitted through the transmitter and undergo the encoding and modulation process. Then, the obtained modulated signals are fetched using the transmitting antenna that transmits the signals to the receiver. At the receiver side, interference is generated due to the number of cross antennas. Thus, the interference in the signals is eradicated by applying the proposed Fractional-SLAS at the receiver end. Hence, the proposed interference mitigation method is completely eradicated from the signals without any delay or loss in the quality of the transmitted signal. The proposed Fractional-SLAS provides superior performance with minimal Bit Error Rate (BER), Symbol Error Rate (SER), and throughput with values 0.00006 dB, 0.00006 dB, and 0.96 bps.
In the growing world of technology, use of WSN is increasing at an exponential rate in many real time applications such as security, monitoring, tracking, management, learning etc. The most critical ...challenge in networks is energy consumption; any method used has to be energy efficient. One of the most used approach for reducing the energy consumption and improvement of performance is clustering. In this paper, clustering based new routing algorithm for WSNs using Bio-inspired energy efficient clustering protocol (BeeCup) has been implemented. IBeeCup method has been proposed which is an extension of BeeCup method that finds shortest path. The location information is determined by RSSI. This approach takes an advantage of biologically inspired computation which improves the performance of network.
The modern wireless communication system requires high performance portable devices, thus designing of such communicating devices plays a major role. More particularly, meander shape is selected over ...the traditional shapes of microstrip patch antenna for the application of portable device antenna. Accordingly, in this paper, orthogonal meander architecture along with PIN diodes are proposed to achieve vertical and horizontal polarization. Further, to control switching of PIN diodes, Raspberry PI system is employed. In the proposed method, a novel meander-shaped antenna is designed and simulated using High-Frequency Structure Simulator-11 (HFSS-11) with an operating frequency of 2.4 GHz. However, the optimized design dimensions are used to fabricate the antenna and then the results are verified. This paper highlights the simulated and experimental results including, S-Parameter, radiation pattern, current distribution, co and cross polarization, path loss and impedance. Besides, the paper demonstrates the effect of cover on the antenna performance. Finally, the proposed meander shape reconfigurable antenna have validated as a portable device antenna from the obtained results for wireless communication applications.
In multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) systems, multi-user detection (MUD) algorithms play an important role in reducing the effect of multi-access ...interference (MAI). A combination of the estimation of channel and multi-user detection is proposed for eliminating various interferences and reduce the bit error rate (BER). First, a novel sparse based k-nearest neighbor classifier is proposed to estimate the unknown activity factor at a high data rate. The active users are continuously detected and their data are decoded at the base station (BS) receiver. The activity detection considers both the pilot and data symbols. Second, an optimal pilot allocation method is suggested to select the minimum mutual coherence in the measurement matrix for optimal pilot placement. The suggested algorithm for designing pilot patterns significantly improves the results in terms of mean square error (MSE), symbol error rate (SER) and bit error rate for channel detection. An optimal pilot placement reduces the computational complexity and maximizes the accuracy of the system. The performance of the channel estimation (CE) and MUD for the proposed scheme was good as it provided significant results, which were validated through simulations.
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) has gained significant importance in current scenario because of its ability to monitor as well as understand the physical environment in terms of different parameters ...like temperature, humidity, pressure etc. There is a plethora of applications in WSN is finding importance ranking from military tracking, surveillance to environmental exploration and wildlife monitoring. The main challenge in WSN is energy efficiency especially when the capacity of battery and availability of energy source is a constraint. To address some of key WSN challenges, a novel routing protocol, a hibernation algorithm (cross layer design) along with the low power hardware design for achieving energy efficiency are proposed here.Because of the fact that WSN has requirement to adapt itself according to the needs of the dynamically changing environment, the quantity of sensor nodes which are part of routing tree cannot be the same and need to adapt itself so that it can precisely observe and forecast the physical surroundings. Initially the routing protocols being used popularly for WSN network layer i.e. AODV, AOMDV, and DSR are compared. The next stage is a proposal for adaptive model for AODV routing protocol for sensor node selection based on residual energy (AEB-AODV) towards improving the efficiency of energy and Quality of Service depending on the mentioned targets of performance. Here, the scheme utilizes fewer sensor nodes at a time along the route to the destination from the source of the event, and place remaining sensor nodes’ transceivers in the sleep mode but microcontroller, sensors and low power transceivers of the nodes are ON. The last module is a combined model capable of achieving improvements in efficiency of energy–adaptive routing model (AEB-AODV) and Hibernation of the sensor nodesi.e. AADITHYA algorithm, which reduces energy consumption, duty cycle to great extent and improved the latency, implemented with low power ARM CORTEX microcontroller and two sets of transceivers, one active power (AP) for data transmission and another very low power (LP) for sending wake up signals and control signals to the hibernating neighbors. Simulation results of AEB-AODV routing protocol and actual test readings of the developed hardware have shown that this method is effective in optimizing the energy usage in the nodes and hence improves the life expectancy of the WSN used for any general application.
DICER1 syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that predisposes to a wide spectrum of tumors. Developing surveillance protocols for this syndrome is challenging because uncertainty exists about the ...clinical efficacy of surveillance, and appraisal of potential benefits and harms vary. In addition, there is increasing evidence that germline
DICER1
pathogenic variants are associated with lower penetrance for cancer than previously assumed. To address these issues and to harmonize DICER1 syndrome surveillance programs within Europe, the Host Genome Working Group of the European branch of the International Society of Pediatric Oncology (SIOPE HGWG) and Clinical Guideline Working Group of the CanGene-CanVar project in the United Kingdom reviewed current surveillance strategies and evaluated additional relevant literature. Consensus was achieved for a new surveillance protocol and information leaflet that informs patients about potential symptoms of
DICER1
-associated tumors. The surveillance protocol comprises a minimum program and an extended version for consideration. The key recommendations of the minimum program are: annual clinical examination from birth to age 20 years, six-monthly chest X-ray and renal ultrasound from birth to age 6 years, and thyroid ultrasound every 3 years from age 8 to age 40 years. The surveillance program for consideration comprises additional surveillance procedures, and recommendations for
DICER1
pathogenic variant carriers outside the ages of the surveillance interval. Patients have to be supported in choosing the surveillance program that best meets their needs. Prospective evaluation of the efficacy and patient perspectives of proposed surveillance recommendations is required to expand the evidence base for DICER1 surveillance protocols.
The National Institute of health and Care Excellence issued guidelines on familial breast cancer screening in 2004. Such guidelines should be uniformly implemented to ensure that members of the same ...family with the same level of risk, but living in different areas, have the same access to screening. We assessed uptake by creating a short, six question online survey designed to assess compliance in each regional area. We used this to conduct a survey of all 22 regional genetics services. There was a 100% response to the survey allowing a complete map to be created. The devolved nations had near complete compliance with the sole exception of SW Scotland, but in England the picture was fragmented with regions representing a combined population of 26.6 million (48%) not implementing the full NICE recommendations. Fifteen years after the publication of the original guidelines, major inequity in provision for screening still occurs and a postcode lottery exists for the management of women from families with a history of breast cancer. We estimate that up to 73 preventable breast cancer deaths occur each year due to the current inequity of access. It may be time to consider alternative funding and implementation models to ensure consistent access across the country.
Dans la communication sans fil, les portables de hautes performances sont en plein essor dans le marché. De nombreuses applications sont intégrées dans les appareils portables. À cet égard, l’antenne ...joue un rôle très important dans la gestion simultanée de ces multiples fonctions. Le diagramme de rayonnement est l’un des paramètres importants de l’antenne. Cet article présente le diagramme de rayonnement d’une antenne en micro-ruban en méandre reconfigurable et compacte, adapté aux appareils portables. Ici, l'effet de la couverture sur le diagramme de rayonnement est également affiché. Le diagramme de rayonnement d'antenne reconfigurable a également été comparé au diagramme de rayonnement d'antenne traditionnel pour une conclusion. L'antenne est conçue et testée à 2,4 GHz (bande ISM) avec une largeur de bande de 130 MHz. HFSS (Simulateur de Structure à haute Fréquence) est utilisé pour concevoir et simuler l’antenne. L'antenne proposée utilise des diodes PIN pour modifier sa polarisation (horizontale/verticale) selon les besoins. Le diagramme de rayonnement est mesuré en laboratoire à l'aide d'un système de mesure d’antenne. Les résultats se concentrent sur le fait que la reconfiguration de polarisation offre de meilleures performances que la technique de reconfiguration de fréquence dans une antenne d’un dispositif portable. In wireless communication, the high performance handsets are blooming in the market. Multiple applications are incorporated in these portable devices. In this regard, antenna plays a very important role in handling these multiple functions simultaneously. Radiation pattern is one of the important parameter of antenna. This paper presents, radiation pattern of a compact reconfigurable meander micro strip patch antenna, suitable for portable devices. Here, effect of cover on radiation pattern is also displayed. The reconfigurable antenna radiation pattern also compared with the traditional antenna radiation pattern for conclusion. The antenna is designed and tested at 2.4GHz (ISM band) having 130MHz bandwidth. HFSS (High Frequency Structure Simulator) is used to design and simulate the antenna. Proposed antenna changes its polarization (horizontal/ vertical) as per necessity using PIN diodes. The radiation pattern is measured in the laboratory using antenna measurement system. The results focus on the fact that polarization reconfiguration is better performance than the frequency reconfiguration technique in antenna in portable device.
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