In this work, we present an ecofriendly, non-hazardous, green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) by leaf extract of
(
). Total phenolic content, total flavonoid and total protein ...contents of
were determined. Further, synthesized ZnO NPs was characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) Spectra, transmission electron microscope (TEM), and Dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis. UV-vis shows peak at 375 nm which is unique to ZnO NPs. XRD analysis demonstrates the hexagonal phase structures of ZnO NPs. FTIR spectra demonstrates the molecules and bondings associated with the synthesized ZnO NPs and assures the role of phytochemical compounds of
in reduction and capping of ZnO NPs. TEM image exhibits that the prepared ZnO NPs is hexagonal shaped and in size ranged between 16 to 38 nm which is confirmed by DLS. Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed to determine the thermal stability of biosynthesized nanoparticles during calcination. The prepared ZnO NPs showed significant antibacterial potentiality against Gram-positive (S. aureus) and Gram-negative (
,
, and
) pathogenic bacteria and SEM image shows the generalized mechanism of action in bacterial cell after NPs internalization. In addition, NPs are also found to be effective against the studied cancer cell lines for which cytotoxicity was assessed using MTT assay and results demonstrate highest growth of inhibition at the concentration of 100 µg/mL with IC
value at 7.07 µg/mL for HeLa and 6.30 µg/mL for DU145 cell lines, in contrast to positive control (
leaf extract) with IC
of 22.30 µg/mL on HeLa cells and 15.72 µg/mL on DU145 cells. Also, DAPI staining was performed in order to determine the effect on nuclear material due to ZnO NPs treatment in the studied cell lines taking leaf extract as positive control and untreated negative control for comparison. Cell migration assay was evaluated to determine the direct influence of NPs on metastasis that is potential suppression capacity of NPs to tumor cell migration. Outcome of the synthesized ZnO NPs using
shows antimicrobial activity against studied microbes, also cytotoxicity, apoptotic mediated DNA damage and antiproliferative potentiality in the studied carcinoma cells and hence, can be further used in biomedical, pharmaceutical and food processing industries as an effective antimicrobial and anti-cancerous agent.
A facile cost effective wet chemical method of synthesis is proposed for Cu-NPs, CuO-NPs and Cu-doped ZnO-NPs. The nanomaterials are opto-physically characterized for nano standard quality. Cu-doped ...ZnO-NPs based catalytic system is found to possess most efficient photocatalytic activity in degradation of two organic azo-dyes namely methyl red (MR) and malachite green (MG) that are released as industrial effluents in eco-environment intercollegium. Two possible photocatalytic degradation pathways are proposed to understand the mechanism of interaction prevailing during the mineralization of MR and MG dyes. Such study provides insight for waste water management. The uniqueness of the present work is 1) possible routes of MG dye degradation by Cu-doped ZnO-NPs and subsequent intermediate by-products are novel and pioneered of its kind. 2) two new intermediate byproducts are identified suggesting prevalence of multiple MR degradation pathways by Cu-doped ZnO-NPs.
For assessment of residual NPs impact on environment, eco-toxicological assay is performed using plant system (Sesamum indicum L.) as model. The study encompasses seed germination, seedling morphology, quantification of endogenous H2O2 and MDA generation, estimation of DNA double strand break and analysis of cell cycle inhibition. Results highlight reduced ecotoxicity of Cu-doped ZnO-NPs compared to the other synthesized nanomaterials thereby suggesting better environmental applicability in waste water purification.
Green synthesis of nanoparticles is regarded as a safe and non-toxic process over conventional synthesis. Owing to the medicinal value of biologically derived biomolecules and utilizing them in ...synergy with nanoscience to offer more accurate therapeutic options to various diseases is an emerging field. One such study we present here with highlights of the synthesis and efficacy of biogenic silver nanoparticles produced from the extract of
(accession number:
) as an antimicrobial, anti-cancerous and anti-angiogenic agent. The synthesized Ag-NPs were characterized following UV-vis, FTIR, XRD, SEM and TEM, and were found to possess bactericidal activity against the selected pathogenic microbes, such as
and
. Further, we evaluated cytotoxicity effect of this biogenic Ag-NPs using MMT assay on normal cardio myoblast (H9C2) and cancerous human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) cells. Doxorubicin used as positive control. This Ag-NPs have shown trivial cytotoxicity at the IC
concentration on normal cells (IC
= 47.17 µg/ml) over the cancer cells (IC
= 8.609 µg/ml) with nearly 7 fold difference, indicating it as a selective anti-cancerous agent in contrast to standard drug doxorubicin (IC
= 6.338 µg/ml). Further
assessment of wound healing capability by scratch wound healing assay, invasion by transwell matrigel invasion assay, and apoptosis via DAPI and annexin V-FITC assays were studied in HeLa cells. Synthesized biogenic Ag-NPs have shown to be anti-angiogenic in nature, which was established by
chick chorioallantois membrane assay. Overall,
studies revealed that biogenic Ag-NPs positively inhibited migration, invasion, and induced apoptosis, and
CAM assay revealed that intercapillary network was reduced and the angiogenesis was inhibited.
The synthesis of nanometer-sized metallic nanoparticles utilizing bio-sources is one of the most cost-effective and ecologically friendly approaches. Nano-zinc oxide particles (N-ZnO Ps) were made ...using a simple green synthesis method using an aqueous zinc nitrate salt and Perilla frutescens crude protein as a protecting and reducing agent in the current work. UV-visible (UV-vis) spectrophotometry, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), (energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy) EDX and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) were used to characterize the synthesized N-ZnO Ps. A distinctive UV-vis absorption peak was observed at 370 nm due to N-ZnO Ps. The SEM and HR-TEM pictures revealed N-ZnO Ps with a triangular form. The XRD pattern indicated the wurtzite structure of N-ZnO Ps. Nanoparticles exhibited a zeta potential of −11.3 mV. The antibacterial activity of N-ZnO Ps was tested against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumonia) microorganisms. The N-ZnO Ps were non-toxic to HMC-3 human normal brain microglia cells; however, they exhibited a potential cytotoxic effect on the LN-18 human brain glioblastoma cell line. These results indicate that N-ZnOPs can act as promising antibacterial and anticancer treatments in the prevention of Glioblastoma.
The present study highlights the nanoimpact of cadmium sulfide quantum dots on a plant system (Sesamum indicum L.) encompassing uptake of nanoparticles (NPs), subsequent translocation following root ...to leaf transportation pathway using both water- and food-conducting elements and deposition in nucleus and cytoplasm with no preferential subcellular localization. Nanocrystal agglomeration, mucilaginous sheathing and vesicularization studied are the host toxicity minimization attempt. Cellular stress due to NPs is recorded in the form of elevated production of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde. However, non-synchronous activation of ascorbate peroxidase-monodehydroascorbate reductase-glutathione reductase-glutathione S-transferase enzyme system contributes to failure of anti-oxidative response and persistence of stress environment. Flow cytometric assessment reveals changes in cellular metabolic event along with blockage of cell division at G
1
phase and enhances apoptotic cell death. Nuclear internalization along with oxidative burst results in generation of DNA double-strand break which can be the focal point of genome alteration and subsequent gene mutation.
Dry seeds of Nigella sativa L. (Ranunculaceae) are exposed to azo-dyes methyl orange (MO) and malachite green (MG) and heavy metals cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) following impregnation of a filter paper ...for 12 days at an interval of 48 h. Cytotoxicity on mitotic index, types, and frequency of cytological abnormalities and apoptotic cell death induced by the test materials are assessed in relation to control. All the studied environmental pollutants were found to reduce germination and growth, inhibit cell division, enhance cytological aberrations and cause apoptotic cell death. Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) analyses not only reveal apoptosis but also induced metabolic peak shifting and polyploid cell formation at late G2 phase. Results suggest that heavy metals (Pb＞Cd) show more toxicity than azo-dyes (MG＞MO). The objective of the investigation is to predict safety dose for commercial exploitation of the studied azo-dyes and heavy metals. From the standpoint of which the employed low doses of the studied environmental pollutants are found to induce cytotoxicity affecting germination and growth in seedlings of N. sativa.
Two dwarf mutant lines of Coriandrum sativum L. (Apiaceae) designated as mut. I and mut. II are screened at M3 to possess concomitant desynaptic behavior of chromosomes. The mutants are raised ...following seed treatments with cadmium sulfide nanoparticles (CdS-NPs) at 0.50 µg mL−1 for 4 h duration (mut. I) and 200 Gy gamma irradiations (mut. II). Both the desynaptic mutants are ‘medium strong’ type demonstrating the enhanced number of univalent per cell and reduced chiasma frequency per nucleus at diplotene–diakinesis and metaphase I (M I). The univalents in the mutants are random in distribution as well as polar and equatorial orientations. Mean chromosome association per cell at M I is 10.63II+0.74I in control, 9.55II+2.91I in mut. I and 9.64II+2.72I in mut. II plant types. The mutant meiocytes show variable types of associations at M I including 22I formation; although, the predominant association is 11II. Both the mutants demonstrate different types of irregular chromosome separations and bridge formation with or without a fragment in anaphase I (A I) and anaphase II (A II) cells. Fertility of pollen grains is 94.47% in control plants and is reduced in the mutants. The potentiality of CdS-NPs in inducing cytogenetical mutant like desynapsis alike to gamma irradiations is highlighted.
Twenty inter hybrids (IVHs) were raised in crossing among three sesame cultivars Sesamum indicum L. cv. Tilottama, Roma and Savitri following inter planting. Frequency of plants with crossed pods ...ranges from 0.00 to 5.00% among the lines. Percentage of crossed pods per plant varies 1.59 to 3.84% in Roma×Tilottama (RT) hybrids, 2.36 to 3.13% in Savitri×Roma (SR) and 2.17 to 5.56% in Savitri×Tilottama (ST). IVHs are screened at F1 based on seed coat color. Meiotic configurations assessed in parents and in F1 hybrids reveal high frequency of regular homologous pairing with 13II (Tilottama: 99.35%, Roma: 97.50%, Savitri: 97.37%; RT hybrids: 87.44% average, SR hybrid: 84.08% and ST: 89.29%) at metaphase I (MI) with near equal (13/13), anaphase I (AI) and relatively high pollen grain fertility. F2 segregation of selfed F1 progenies demonstrates intermediate dominance (1 : 2 : 1) of seed coat color of the studied sesame varieties. Based on seed yield/plant and fatty oil content, few promising IVHs are screened.
Mutagenic sensitivity of seeds irradiated with gamma rays at various doses was investigated in Coriandrum sativum. The attributes studied were seed germination rate, seedling growth, mitotic and ...meiotic abnormalities, field germination rate and survivability, pollen fertility and seed yield. Gamma irradiations induced both physiological and cytological disturbances such as reduction in seed germination rate and seedling growth as well as decrease in mitotic index and enhancement of mitotic and meiotic aberration frequencies at metaphase, anaphase and resting cells and in metaphase I (M I), anaphase I (A I) and anaphase II (A II) respectively. Results suggested that doses of gamma irradiations monitored are sub-lethal in nature as evinced from lethal dose, 50% (LD50) but can also potentially bring about cytogenetical variations in the seeds of treated plants (M1) causing mutation in subsequent generation.
A translocation heterozygote (without any marker phenotypic trait) is screened in Nigella sativa L. (black cumin) following the exposure of dry seeds (moisture content: 5.0%) to 300 Gy gamma ...irradiations (one out of twelve). On selfing (53 seeds sown), one heterozygote is detected out of seven survived plants at R2. Compared to 6II formation (2n=12) in PMCs of standard normal plants, the heterozygotes form either a ring or a chain quadrivalents in association to bivalents and univalents (2n=12) in 52.68% (R1) and 30.07% (R2) meiocytes. Ring configuration and adjacent orientation of the multiples are more found to occur predominantly in R1 than R2 heterozygote. Pollen grain fertility and seed setting are found to vary between the translocation heterozygotes irrespective of orientation of the multiples. From the prevalence of ring interchange complexes, it is presumed that the breakpoints are closer to centromere. Furthermore, configurations of the interchange complexes highlight the possibility of two longer pairs of chromosomes to be involved in reciprocal exchanges. A possible genetic control of translocation heterozygote is predicted.
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