Body composition techniques Kuriyan, Rebecca
Indian journal of medical research (New Delhi, India : 1994),
11/2018, Letnik:
148, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Body composition is known to be associated with several diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancers, osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. Body composition measurements are useful in ...assessing the effectiveness of nutritional interventions and monitoring the changes associated with growth and disease conditions. Changes in body composition occur when there is a mismatch between nutrient intake and requirement. Altered body composition is observed in conditions such as wasting and stunting when the nutritional intake may be inadequate. Overnutrition on the other hand leads to obesity. Many techniques are available for body composition assessment, which range from simple indirect measures to more sophisticated direct volumetric measurements. Some of the methods that are used today include anthropometry, tracer dilution, densitometry, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, air displacement plethysmography and bioelectrical impedance analysis. The methods vary in their precision and accuracy. Imaging techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography have become powerful tools due to their ability of visualizing and quantifying tissues, organs, or constituents such as muscle and adipose tissue. However, these methods are still considered to be research tools due to their cost and complexity of use. This review was aimed to describe the commonly used methods for body composition analysis and provide a brief introduction on the latest techniques available.
PURPOSETo determine the relationships between moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), vigorous physical activity (VPA), sedentary time, and obesity in children from 12 countries representing a ...wide range of human development.
METHODSThe sample included 6539 children age 9–11 yr. Times in MVPA, VPA, and sedentary behaviors were assessed by accelerometry. The body mass index (BMI; kg·m) was used to classify children as obese based on z-scores (> +2 SD) from World Health Organization reference data.
RESULTSThe mean (SD) times spent in MVPA, VPA, and sedentary behavior were 60 (25) min·d, 18 (11) min·d, and 513 (69) min·d, respectively. The overall proportion of the sample that was obese ranged from 5.2% to 24.6% across sites. The odds ratios for obesity were significant for MVPA (0.49; 95% CI, 0.44–0.55), VPA (0.41; 0.37–0.46), and sedentary time (1.19; 1.08–1.30) in the overall sample. The associations of MVPA and VPA with obesity were significant in all 12 sites, whereas the association between sedentary time and obesity was significant in five of the 12 sites. There was a significant difference in BMI z-scores across tertiles of MVPA (P < 0.001) but not across tertiles of sedentary time in a mutually adjusted model. The results of receiver operating characteristic curve analyses for obesity indicated that the optimal thresholds for MVPA (area under the curve AUC, 0.64), VPA (AUC, 0.67) and sedentary behavior (AUC, 0.57) were 55 (95% CI, 50–64) min·d, 14 (11–16) min·d, and 482 (455–535) min·d, respectively.
CONCLUSIONSGreater MVPA and VPA were both associated with lower odds of obesity independent of sedentary behavior. Sedentary time was positively associated with obesity, but not independent of MVPA. Attaining at least 55 min·d of MVPA is associated with lower obesity in this multinational sample of children, which supports current guidelines.
The primary aim of the International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment (ISCOLE) was to determine the relationships between lifestyle behaviours and obesity in a multi-national ...study of children, and to investigate the influence of higher-order characteristics such as behavioural settings, and the physical, social and policy environments, on the observed relationships within and between countries.
The targeted sample included 6000 10-year old children from 12 countries in five major geographic regions of the world (Europe, Africa, the Americas, South-East Asia, and the Western Pacific). The protocol included procedures to collect data at the individual level (lifestyle, diet and physical activity questionnaires, accelerometry), family and neighborhood level (parental questionnaires), and the school environment (school administrator questionnaire and school audit tool). A standard study protocol was developed for implementation in all regions of the world. A rigorous system of training and certification of study personnel was developed and implemented, including web-based training modules and regional in-person training meetings.
The results of this study will provide a robust examination of the correlates of adiposity and obesity in children, focusing on both sides of the energy balance equation. The results will also provide important new information that will inform the development of lifestyle, environmental, and policy interventions to address and prevent childhood obesity that may be culturally adapted for implementation around the world. ISCOLE represents a multi-national collaboration among all world regions, and represents a global effort to increase research understanding, capacity and infrastructure in childhood obesity.
Background and Objectives: South Asians are known to have excess adiposity at a lower body mass index, with truncal fat accumulation. Whether this confers higher risk to develop severe COVID-19 is ...not known. This study evaluated body mass index, body fat mass and waist circumference as risk factors for COVID-19 severity and its progression, in South Asian adults. Methods and Study Design: Details of COVID-19 patients (19-90 years) were obtained prospectively, along with weight, height, waist circumference and body fat mass assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Binomial logistic and Poisson regression were performed to test associations between waist circumference, body fat mass and body mass index to evaluate the adjusted OR or relative risk for disease severity at admission and length of stay. Results: After adjusting for age, sex, height and co-morbidities, body mass index >23 kg/m2 (adjusted OR 2.758, 95% CI 1.025, 7.427), waist circumference (adjusted OR 1.047, 95% CI 1.002, 1.093) and body fat mass (adjusted OR 1.111, 95% CI 1.013, 1.219) were associated with a significant risk for disease severity at admission, while only waist circumference (adjusted relative risk 1.004, 95% CI 1.001, 1.008), and body fat mass (adjusted relative risk 1.011, 95% CI 1.003, 1.018), were associated with a significantly longer length of stay. Conclusions: Body mass index, at a lower cut-off of >23 kg/m2, is a significant risk factor for COVID-19 disease severity in the group of patients studied. The waist circumference and body fat mass are also good indicators for both severity at admission and length of stay.
The prevalence of the double burden of malnutrition in society is well known with the coexistence of undernutrition with an increase in overweight/obesity; this has been increasing globally with ...nutritional imbalances and infectious diseases being the major etiological factors. However, there is also the coexistence of inappropriate adiposity or metabolic dysfunction in an individual who appears currently undernourished by anthropometric standards (stunted or underweight); this is the intraindividual double burden of malnutrition. It could also occur in temporal sequence, as anthropometric overweight in an individual who has previously endured childhood undernutrition. IIDBM has increased the risk for diet-related non-communicable diseases over the past few decades, as it tracks into adulthood, warranting an urgent need for intervention and prevention. While gut dysbiosis has been associated with various forms of malnutrition, the early life gut microbiome composition and its related metabolites and regulatory factors, are possibly linked to the development of inflammatory and metabolic conditions in IIDBM. The possible underlying physiological mechanisms are reviewed here, working through host dietary influences, gut microbial metabolites, host inflammation and metabolic dysregulation. When validated experimentally and tested through appropriately designed randomised, controlled trials, these mechanistic insights will likely lead to development of preventive strategies.
Objective To evaluate the relationship between children's lifestyles and health-related quality of life and to explore whether this relationship varies among children from different world regions. ...Study design This study used cross-sectional data from the International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment. Children (9-11 years) were recruited from sites in 12 nations (n = 5759). Clustering input variables were 24-hour accelerometry and self-reported diet and screen time. Health-related quality of life was self-reported with KIDSCREEN-10. Cluster analyses (using compositional analysis techniques) were performed on a site-wise basis. Lifestyle behavior cluster characteristics were compared between sites. The relationship between cluster membership and health-related quality of life was assessed with the use of linear models. Results Lifestyle behavior clusters were similar across the 12 sites, with clusters commonly characterized by (1) high physical activity (actives); (2) high sedentary behavior (sitters); (3) high screen time/unhealthy eating pattern (junk-food screenies); and (4) low screen time/healthy eating pattern and moderate physical activity/sedentary behavior (all-rounders). Health-related quality of life was greatest in the all-rounders cluster. Conclusions Children from different world regions clustered into groups of similar lifestyle behaviors. Cluster membership was related to differing health-related quality of life, with children from the all-rounders cluster consistently reporting greatest health-related quality of life at sites around the world. Findings support the importance of a healthy combination of lifestyle behaviors in childhood: low screen time, healthy eating pattern, and balanced daily activity behaviors (physical activity and sedentary behavior). Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov : NCT01722500.
Although 'unhealthy' diet is a well-known risk factor for non-communicable diseases, its relationship with socio-economic status (SES) has not been fully investigated. Moreover, the available ...research has largely been conducted in countries at high levels of human development. This is the first study to examine relationships among dietary patterns and SES of children from countries spanning a wide range of human development.
This was a multinational cross-sectional study among 9-11 year-old children (n = 6808) from urban/peri-urban sites across 12 countries. Self-reported food frequency questionnaires were used to determine the children's dietary patterns. Principal Components Analysis was employed to create two component scores representing 'unhealthy' and 'healthy' dietary patterns. Multilevel models accounting for clustering at the school and site level were used to examine the relationships among dietary patterns and SES.
The mean age of participants in this study (53.7% girls) was 10.4 years. Largest proportions of total variance in dietary patterns occurred at the individual, site, and school levels (individual, school, site: 62.8%; 10.8%; 26.4% for unhealthy diet pattern (UDP) and 88.9%; 3.7%; 7.4%) for healthy diet pattern (HDP) respectively. There were significant negative 'unhealthy' diet-SES gradients in 7 countries and positive 'healthy' diet-SES gradients in 5. Within country diet-SES gradients did not significantly differ by HDI. Compared to participants in the highest SES groups, unhealthy diet pattern scores were significantly higher among those in the lowest within-country SES groups in 8 countries: odds ratios for Australia (2.69; 95% CI: 1.33-5.42), Canada (4.09; 95% CI: 2.02-8.27), Finland (2.82; 95% CI: 1.27-6.22), USA (4.31; 95% CI: 2.20-8.45), Portugal (2.09; 95% CI: 1.06-4.11), South Africa (2.77; 95% CI: 1.22-6.28), India (1.88; 95% CI: 1.12-3.15) and Kenya (3.35; 95% CI: 1.91-5.87).
This study provides evidence of diet-SES gradients across all levels of human development and that lower within-country SES is strongly related to unhealthy dietary patterns. Consistency in within-country diet-SES gradients suggest that interventions and public health strategies aimed at improving dietary patterns among children may be similarly employed globally. However, future studies should seek to replicate these findings in more representative samples extended to more rural representation.
To measure the energy content of frequently ordered meals from full service and fast food restaurants in five countries and compare values with US data.
Cross sectional survey.
223 meals from 111 ...randomly selected full service and fast food restaurants serving popular cuisines in Brazil, China, Finland, Ghana, and India were the primary sampling unit; 10 meals from five worksite canteens were also studied in Finland. The observational unit was frequently ordered meals in selected restaurants.
Meal energy content, measured by bomb calorimetry.
Compared with the US, weighted mean energy of restaurant meals was lower only in China (719 (95% confidence interval 646 to 799) kcal versus 1088 (1002 to 1181) kcal; P<0.001). In analysis of variance models, fast food contained 33% less energy than full service meals (P<0.001). In Finland, worksite canteens provided 25% less energy than full service and fast food restaurants (mean 880 (SD 156) versus 1166 (298); P=0.009). Country, restaurant type, number of meal components, and meal weight predicted meal energy in a factorial analysis of variance (R
=0.62, P<0.001). Ninety four per cent of full service meals and 72% of fast food meals contained at least 600 kcal. Modeling indicated that, except in China, consuming current servings of a full service and a fast food meal daily would supply between 70% and 120% of the daily energy requirements for a sedentary woman, without additional meals, drinks, snacks, appetizers, or desserts.
Very high dietary energy content of both full service and fast food restaurant meals is a widespread phenomenon that is probably supporting global obesity and provides a valid intervention target.
The study aims to define the sex-based reference data for muscle mass and strength among healthy young Indians and to compare the data from the present study with available literature. Healthy Indian ...adults (n = 100) aged between 18 and 40 years were recruited. The assessment of muscle mass and strength was performed. The body cell mass (BCM), fat-free mass, and muscle strength parameters were significantly higher among males compared to females (P < 0.001). A comparison of the current study data with the available literature showed that though BCM was comparable, Indians demonstrated a significantly lower isometric peak torque (P < 0.001 for both sexes). These findings suggest that Indians tend to have a lower muscle strength compared to the Western population, despite having a comparable BCM content.
Indian babies are hypothesized to be born thin but fat. This has not been confirmed with precise measurements at birth. If it is true, it could track into later life and confer risk of ...noncommunicable diseases (NCDs).
Primarily, to accurately measure percentage of body fat (%BF) and body cell mass (BCM) in Indian babies with normal birth weight, compare them across different gestational ages and sex, and test the hypothesis of the thin but fat phenotype in Indian babies. Secondarily, to examine the relation between body weight and body fat in Indian babies.
Term newborns (n= 156) weighing ≥2500 g, from middle socioeconomic status mothers were recruited in Bengaluru, India, and their anthropometry, %BF (air displacement plethysmography), and BCM (whole-body potassium counter) were measured. Maternal demography and anthropometry were recorded. The mean %BF and its dispersion were compared with earlier studies. The relation between newborn %BF and body weight was explored by regression analysis.
Mean birth weight was 3.0 ± 0.3 kg, with mean %BF 9.8 #x00B1; 3.5%, which was comparable to pooled estimates of %BF from published studies (9.8%; 95% CI: 9.7, 10.0;P > 0.05). Appropriate-for-gestational age (AGA) babies had higher %BF (1.8%) compared to small-for-gestational age (SGA) babies (P < 0.01). Mean %BCM of all babies at birth was 35.4 #x00B1; 10.5%; AGA babies had higher %BCM compared to SGA babies (7.0%,P < 0.05). Girls in comparison to boys had significantly higher %BF and lower %BCM. Body weight was positively associated with %BF.
Indian babies with normal birth weight did not demonstrate the thin but fat phenotype. Body weight and fat had positive correlation, such that SGA babies did not show a preservation of their %BF. These findings will have relevance in planning optimal interventions during early childhood to prevent NCDs risk in adult life.
PDF
