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•One-pot, cascade conversion of cellulose to 2,5-DMF and 2,5-HDN was investigated.•“All” heterogeneous ZrO2-doped bimetallic Cu–Pd/HY(5.1) catalyst was designed.•High-yields of ...2,5-DMF (33.8%) and 2,5-HDN (17.2%) were achieved.•Oxygen-vacant ZrOx (Ov–ZrOx) sites absorbed reaction intermediates.•The hydroxyl hydrogen of MeOH participated in the HD and HDO reactions.
The direct conversion of cellulose to targeted chemicals remains challenging owing to its recalcitrant nature and highly oxygenated structure. Herein, we report a strategy to selectively produce 2,5-dimethylfuran (2,5-DMF) and 2,5-hexadione (2,5-HDN) directly from cellulose, with yields of 33.8% and 17.2%, respectively, over multifunctional heterogeneous ZrO2-doped bimetallic Cu–Pd nanoparticles supported on the HY(5.1) catalyst (CuPdZr/Y) under supercritical methanol (scMeOH) conditions. Acidic and metallic sites on the catalyst are involved in sequential cascade reactions, including solvolysis, dehydration, hydrogenation (HD), and hydrogenolysis (HDO). The preferential adsorption of reaction intermediates on the oxygen vacant sites of ZrOx located near the metallic sites promoted HD and HDO. H–D exchange reactions revealed that the hydroxyl hydrogens of methanol were the active hydrogen atoms participating in HD and HDO. The yields of 2,5-DMF and 2,5-HDN decreased marginally after the third run, indicating that CuPdZr/Y was highly robust under the scMeOH reaction conditions.
Although astaxanthin has promising physiological functions, its practical applications are limited by poor stability. Herein, astaxanthin was encapsulated in β-cyclodextrin (βCD) using CO2 as a ...supercritical antisolvent (SAS). The effects of process conditions, including temperature (313–333 K), pressure (12–18 MPa), solution concentration (3–5 wt%), solution flow rate (0.8–1.2 mL min−1), and astaxanthin-to-βCD mole ratio (1:50, 1:25, or 1:10), on the encapsulation efficiency, particle morphology, and residual solvent content were investigated. Astaxanthin–βCD complex spheres with an average diameter of 0.44 ± 0.08 µm were produced at 313 K and 15 MPa with a solution concentration and flow rate of 5 wt%, and 1.0 mL min−1, respectively. Under these optimal conditions, almost complete encapsulation (99.6% encapsulation efficiency) and residual organic solvent removal (0.22 ppm in the complex) were achieved. Density functional theory analysis of the configuration of the astaxanthin–βCD complex indicate that the hydroxyl hydrogen atoms on an ionone ring of astaxanthin interact with the oxygen atoms of βCD, but the ionone ring does not fit deeply within the βCD cavity. Notably, the astaxanthin–βCD complex exhibits higher thermal stability and antioxidant activity than free astaxanthin. The findings suggest that βCD encapsulation via the SAS process can produce astaxanthin microparticles with potential utility for food and pharmaceutical applications.
•Astaxanthin encapsulation in β-cyclodextrin was achieved using scCO2 as antisolvent.•Supercritical antisolvent (SAS) process produced amorphous microparticles.•Encapsulation efficiency of 99.6% with very low residual DMSO content was achieved.•Encapsulated particles exhibited enhanced thermal stability and antioxidant activity.•Inclusion complex was validated in the molecular level.
Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is a technique that converts heavy-fraction feed into fuel. The FCC catalyst components consist of a composite material made of zeolite, filler, binder, and an active ...matrix. The active matrix is used as a pre-cracker for the heavy-fraction feed. This study examined the impact of the Si/Al ratio and the addition of phosphorus on the physical properties and activity of the active matrix. The synthesis technique refers to US patent 6723297 B2. The utilized variants consisted of SiO2 ranging from 50 to 80 weight percent and a phosphorous addition ranging from 1 to 2 weight percent. The physical characteristics of the active matrix were assessed using nitrogen physisorption and NH3-Temperature programmed adsorption/desorption techniques. A chemical activity test was conducted using the micro activity test (MAT) method, with vacuum gas oil (VGO) as the feedstock. This test was done in accordance with the ASTM D 5154 – 03 standard. The results indicated that the silica composition in the active matrix is directly related to the average pore diameter but inversely related to the specific surface area. Additionally, the inclusion of phosphorus had a similar impact. The silica-alumina-phosphorous variant containing 75%-wt of SiO2 exhibited the most superior active matrix activity, achieving the maximum acquisition of light cycle oil (LCO) at 33%-wt.
Language is one element that plays an important role in human life, including regional languages. Javanese language itself is a regional language on the island of Java which is needed as a tool to ...communicate in the family, community, and education environment. Many people outside Java come to Java, especially students studying in Java. Indirectly, immigrant students in Java must be able to adapt well to the surrounding environment. This study aims to explain the process of developing JAWI applications for new students outside Java at the State University of Malang using the ADDIE approach. The research method used is the Research and Development method with the ADDIE development model. Based on the validation results from material experts, media experts, and student responses to the JAWI application, it can be concluded that the JAWI application is feasible to use.AbstrakBahasa adalah salah satu unsur yang berperan penting dalam kehidupan manusia, tidak terkecuali bahasa daerah. Bahasa Jawa sendiri merupakan bahasa daerah di Pulau Jawa yang sangat dibutuhkan sebagai alat untuk berkomunikasi di lingkungan keluarga, masyarakat, maupun pendidikan. Banyak masyarakat luar Jawa datang ke Jawa, terutama mahasiswa yang menempuh pendidikan di Jawa. Secara tidak langsung, mahasiswa pendatang di Jawa harus bisa beradaptasi secara baik dengan lingkungan sekitar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan proses pengembangan aplikasi JAWI untuk mahasiswa baru luar Jawa di Universitas Negeri Malang dengan menggunakan pendekatan ADDIE. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu metode Research and Development dengan model pengembangan ADDIE. Berdasarkan hasil validasi dari ahli materi, ahli media, serta respon mahasiswa terhadap aplikasi JAWI dapat dismpulkan bahwasanya aplikasi JAWI layak untuk digunakan.
