Motor-manual work with a chainsaw is still an irreplaceable occupational activity in forest harvesting operations in Croatia and in many other countries. Chainsaw workers are exposed to different ...risk factors, such as noise and vibrations, heavy load lifting, awkward and preflexion postures, repetitive movements, etc. The working posture and the assessment of the center of mass plays an important role in understanding the exposure of forest workers to postural and occupational risks, either as a part of the entire work process or as a part of an individual element of the work technique. Therefore, the aim of this research was to investigate the impact of three different chainsaw starting methods (from the ground, between the knees, and “drop starting”) on the postural load of the chainsaw worker and its association with personal and occupational factors. The field portion of data collection was conducted in the second and third quarters of 2022. For trunk posture assessment (n = 74), the rapid entire body assessment (REBA) tool was used, and for the center of mass measurement (n = 28), the Xsens MVN Link motion capture suit was used, a relatively new technology that allows data collection in real field conditions. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used to verify and analyze the field data. Based on the obtained results, almost 50% of the sampled chainsaw workers ignored safety instructions and preferred “drop starting” a chainsaw. The results also showed that there is a significant difference between the three starting methods in the REBA score, as well as in the number of segments scored during the assessment. The obtained mean REBA score for all three methods is between 4 and 7, placing all methods at a medium level of MSD risk. Regarding the analysis of the Center of Mass (CoM) vertical deviation, the statistical difference is noticeable for the body mass index (BMI) group, the group related to experience with the chainsaw, and the age and height group in relation to three methods for starting a chainsaw. The safest method, which implies starting a chainsaw from the ground, resulted also as the riskiest in terms of postural strain, which, cumulatively over the time variable, can contribute to health problems in forest workers. In conclusion, related to the future process of professional training development for chainsaw workers, an integral part of the training must contain the most optimal postural-movement habits that need to be defined by further kinematic research in forestry.
Wild Animal Attacks on Humans in Croatia Beljan, Karlo; Landekić, Matija; Mataković, Hrvoje
South-East European forestry,
12/2023, Letnik:
14, Številka:
2
Journal Article, Web Resource
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Contacts between humans and wild animals are common and frequent, but very rarely end in attacks by wild animals on humans. The aim of this paper is to identify the circumstances of wildlife attacks ...on humans in Croatia, while the idea behind the paper is that a better understanding of interactions between humans and wildlife should subsequently lead to fewer attacks. As there is no database on attacks by wild animals on humans in Croatia, the data for this analysis was collected from scientific publications, media, and relevant reports. The variables analysed refer to the type of attacks and the victims of the attacks. The results showed that there were 33 attacks by wild animals on humans in Croatia in the period from 2005 to 2023; the most frequent were attacks by wild boars, brown bears, and grey wolves. The characteristics of the attacks differ depending on the animal that perpetrated the attacks, but there are some common characteristics: the attacks mainly took place in rural areas; the victims were mostly male and over 40 years old; in almost all attacks they suffered minor injuries; and during the attacks the victims were in most cases hunting, walking dogs or herding livestock. The data obtained from this analysis can be used to develop preventive measures and define appropriate behaviour in areas with wildlife.
The application of various graphic analytical software solutions in the research aimed at designing and determining the ergonomic and biomechanical harmony between forestry workers’ anthropometric ...measures and their working positions and movements is still scientifically incomplete and largely unexplored in forestry, especially regarding motor manual work with chainsaws. Accordingly, the aim of this research is to numerically represent the general kinematic model of forestry workers’ upper body while starting a chainsaw. The same is determined by using a state-of-the-art motion capture suit with inertial measurement units (IMUs). An additional research aim is to investigate numerical values of the forestry worker kinematic model against the three potentially applicable methods of starting a chainsaw and work experience with a chainsaw. Field data collection was carried out during the spring and summer of 2022 and 2023, and a total of 51 chainsaw workers were sampled in different relief areas. The results of the subject research show that none of the observed methods of starting a chainsaw are entirely safe for the worker, concerning the aspect of MSD development, if the body movements within the working element are performed in an incorrect way. From safety and kinematic aspects, regarding forestry workers’ upper body values, the most neutral work posture (N-pose) is when a worker is using the “between the knees” method. The method “from the ground” can be used as secondary option if the workers are educated in taking the correct position of the upper body, i.e., to practice the rule of hip hinge. With the aim of extending the working ability and working life of forestry workers, interdisciplinary cooperation between occupational medicine, kinesiologists, and forestry experts is needed to create a guide of statodynamic efforts and correct postural movement habits during motor manual work in logging operations.
Timber harvesting, especially motor-manual felling, in Croatia, as in many other countries, is one of the most hazardous economic activities. Consequently, the aim of this paper is to analyse and ...compare the latest trends and risk factors related to the incidence of work-induced injuries in structural organization units of national forest enterprise. A combined approach of literature review and assembled secondary data was applied to gather data on workplace accidents over the years 2014–2020. Work-induced injuries data were drawn from the records of the national enterprise Croatian Forests Ltd. which manages state forests (76% of total forest area). A total of 1626 work-induced injuries were processed and entered into the database. Data analysis was conducted using statistical and descriptive methods. Research results have proven a significant difference in the injury rate over the years 2014–2020 in the Croatian forest enterprise. During the analysed period the highest number of workplace accidents (51.35% of all recorded workplace accidents) occurred during the forest harvesting phase, i.e., during motor-manual felling. Trends in the incidence of work-induced injuries in the observed period do not show any significant improvement. The key findings have pointed out that forest administrations which practice even-aged forest management have 25% or more injuries than forest administrations which practice selective forest management. Related to the average rate of change by forest administration, the largest annual increase or decrease of the selected safety indicators is recorded for smallest forest administrations. Related to total number of injuries, the smallest forest administrations have the least injuries and show statistically significant difference compared to large forest administrations. When comparing the number of injuries per 1000 employees, medium sized forest administrations have the highest value of indicator and show statistical significance. Discussion and conclusion of the paper emphasizes the need for systematic research in the field of ergonomy, safety and health of forest workers in Croatian forestry sector. Additionally, the development and inclusion of proactive safety culture is recognized as a mechanism that can further reduce work injuries and improve occupational safety which should have a significant role in the process of certification of forest management according to the FSC standard.
Compiling the research on forestry ergonomics, which is still a marginal field in terms of the sheer volume of published forestry-related articles, gives a good foundation and guidance for future ...research and publishing. This review aims to compile, classify, and analyze forestry ergonomics publications in JIF (Journal Impact Factor) journals regarding their spatial and temporal distribution, observed operations, machines and tools, and risk factors. A reference period from 2014 to 2023 was observed in this study. The Web of Science Core Collection database was used to filter publications in the field of forestry and ergonomics. A total number of 102 articles were selected. After selection, data regarding publishing year, journal name, main field, country of origin, forest operation, machine/tool, and risk factor were noted. The number of articles is ever-increasing with the last four years having above average numbers of articles. Countries from Europe and South America (Brazil) have the most publications. Most of the journals are ranked in the top 50%. Harvesting, wood extraction, and pre-harvesting operations have the highest number of records. Chainsaw, skidder, and pre-harvesting tools are the most observed means of work. The risk factors with the highest percentage of records are workload (23%), noise (20%), vibration (20%), postural load (16%), and MSD (Musculoskeletal Disorder) occurrence (7%).
Motor-manual felling and wood processing is a high-risk work process where the chainsaw, in connection to other variables in the working environment, is a key and constant source of risk and danger ...for forest chainsaw operators. Pursuant to the foregoing, the purpose of this research is to investigate and compare detected musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) symptoms among the chainsaw workers in Croatia according to their employer (state company – Hrvatske šume Ltd. or private forestry contractor) and self-evaluated Workability Index. A combined three-stage research method was used: (a) defining a sample; (b) preparation and administration of questionnaire; and (c) data analysis and elaboration. The Standardized Nordic Questionnaire (SNQ) was used as a medium to detect musculoskeletal disorder symptoms in chainsaw operators and the Workability Index (WAI) questionnaire was used as a medium for workability self-evaluation. The field part of face-to-face data collection was conducted in the first quarter of 2022 with a total of 158 sampled workers interviewed directly at the forest worksite. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used to verify and analyze the data. The anatomical area with the highest 12-month period prevalence of MSD symptoms for all chainsaw operators is the low back (70.89%), followed by the shoulders (41.14%), neck (39.87%) and wrist/hands (36.71%). Research results, according to the employer, showed that workers employed by Hrvatske šume Ltd. have a higher prevalence of MSD symptoms in almost all anatomical locations compared to chainsaw operators employed by private forest contractors. Mean WAI Score among all respondents was 34.96 points (max. 49) falling into the rank »moderate«, while the current workability compared with the lifetime best was 7.33 (range 0–10). The results of MSD symptoms confirm the self-estimated higher values related to health problems caused by forestry work and lower WAI Score by workers employed in the state forestry sector compared to workers employed in private forestry sector. The prevalence of MSD symptoms, observed through WAI Score, showed a significantly lower percentage of affirmative responses for all anatomical regions except for shoulders in workers who need to maintain their workability. The obtained results show positive correlation with descriptive indicators, where younger workers with less chainsaw work experience have a lower prevalence of MSD symptoms and better WAI Score. In the discussion and conclusion part of the research in question, the need for development of possible solutions is emphasized. The proposed solutions can be included into educational programs or on-site training related to the MSD risks for professional chainsaw workers to change their behaviour that will reduce occupational risks.
Professionally trained, motivated, and responsible forestry workers are a fundamental prerequisite of successful forest production and an integral part of the modern, generally accepted paradigm of ...sustainable forest management. However, the forestry sector today is increasingly facing the problem of a shortage of forestry workers and the challenge of obtaining a qualified and sustainable workforce. This paper, therefore, presents the reflections of forestry workers on the challenges and future perspectives on their profession and forest work. The findings of the examination of forestry workers in Bosnia and Herzegovina include some general characteristics of forest work and indicators of the state and position of forestry workers (socio-demographic characteristics, attitudes toward work, profession, etc.). Specially addressed are some problems and challenges faced by the forestry sector in obtaining and recruiting the necessary workforce—the severity of the forestry worker shortage, the main causes and reasons for the lack of workers, factors for stronger recruitment and retention of workers, work commitment, sustainability of the workforce, future perspectives on forestry work, etc. The differences between workers employed in public and private forestry companies were examined. The survey included 268 respondents and was carried out in the second half of 2021. The purpose of the work was in sensibilizing the profession and the public to the issues of the workforce in forestry, its position, and reflections, and in providing the basis that can be an important contribution toward improving the condition and sustainability of the forestry workforce.
Vibration Levels of Used Chainsaws Landekić, Matija; Bačić, Marin; Pandur, Zdravko ...
Forests,
02/2020, Letnik:
11, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Although professional chainsaws have come a long way regarding technical and ergonomic development since first introduced into forestry, they still remain a high-risk tool that can cause serious ...health problems. In this research, three types of used professional chainsaws were observed regarding harmful vibrations they emit and possible connection to years in use, chainsaw type, characteristics and level of vibrations. Measurements were performed in accordance with the recommendations of ISO 5349:2001. For the measurements, a measuring chain consisting of a triaxial accelerometer manufactured by Bruel & Kjaer and a vibrometer of the same manufacturer Type 4447. To evaluate the emitted vibrations, a daily exposure value A(8) was used. Exposure durations to predefined working operations were identical for every used chainsaw to enable the possibility of equal comparability. Obtained results indicate that the daily vibration exposure A(8) is not affected by the years in use of the chainsaw. Results also show that the power and chainsaw type have an influence on daily vibration exposure. The recommendation for the praxis is to use even lighter and smaller chainsaw wherever is possible.
The aim of this research is to measure the energy consumption and compare the cutting performance of three types of battery-powered chainsaws (Stihl MSA 200, Stihl MSA 220, and Stihl MSA 300). Tested ...chainsaws were powered by two different battery packs (Stihl AP 300 S and Stihl AP 500 S) with different energy capacity and output current when cutting two wooden beams, European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) with different densities and moisture content. Energy consumption was measured using a multimeter built-in battery charger housing, and consumed energy was noted in watt-hours. Each individual cut was recorded with an action camera at 60 frames per second, and the duration of the cuts recorded in centiseconds was observed on the obtained recordings. Results show significant differences in energy consumption and cutting duration between individual chainsaw/battery combinations. Energy consumption ranged from 2.45 to 4.50 Wh per cut for beech (Stihl MSA300E_AP500S and Stihl MSA220_AP300S, respectively) and from 3.10 to 5.00 Wh per cut for black locust (Stihl MSA300M_AP500S and Stihl MSA220_AP500S, respectively). Duration of the cut ranged from 3.48 to 9.24 s per cut for beech (Stihl MSA300M/H_AP500S and Stihl MSA220_AP300S, respectively) and from 3.74 to 9.35 s per cut for the black locust (Stihl MSA300M_AP500S and Stihl MSA220_AP300S, respectively). In general, it can be concluded that more powerful chainsaw/battery combinations (Stihl MSA300_AP500S) consumed less energy per cut and had better cutting performance (shorter cut). In that regard, more powerful chainsaws had greater cutting efficiency, i.e., more cuts on one charge (battery) but shorter cutting time on one charge. The effect of tree species (fresh-sawed beech/air-dried black locust) on energy consumption and cutting performance is absent on the most powerful chainsaw/battery combinations. Today, lithium-ion batteries still have 70 times less energy density than petrol. However, if there is a significant increase in the energy density of the batteries in the coming times, battery chainsaws will most certainly displace petrol chainsaws from use in the future.
Unatoč razvoju mehanizacije i primjeni visokih tehnologija u sustavima pridobivanja drva ručno-strojni rad motornom pilom i dalje prevladava u Jugoistočnoj Europi, ali i šire. Biomehaničko ...opterećenje šumskoga radnika u takvim operacijama kategorizirano je kao »vrlo veliko«. Procjena centra mase pritom ima važnu ulogu u razumijevanju izloženosti šumskih radnika posturalnim i profesionalnim rizicima, bilo kao dio cjelokupnoga procesa rada ili kao dio pojedinoga elementa radne tehnike. U skladu s tim cilj ovoga istraživanja sastoji se u određivanju položaja centra mase radnika s motornom pilom s obzirom na tri ključna radna elementa pri sječi stabala (izvođenje zasjeka, izvođenje završnoga reza i zabijanje klina sjekirom) te njegove povezanosti s osobnim i profesionalnim čimbenicima. Za mjerenje položaja centra mase (n = 28 šumskih radilišta, što ujedno čini 28 uzorkovanih radnika) korišteno je odijelo za snimanje pokreta Xsens MVN Link kao vrhunska tehnologija koja omogućuje prikupljanje podataka u stvarnim terenskim uvjetima. Za analizu snimljenih podataka primijenjene su deskriptivne i inferencijalne statističke metode. Promatrani profesionalni čimbenici (metoda rada, model gospodarenja i prsni promjer stabla) i osobni čimbenici (životna dob, visina i indeks tjelesne mase) rezultirali su statistički značajnom razlikom u pogledu izmjerenih vrijednosti centra mase. Na osnovi svega navedenoga daljnja kinematička istraživanja u šumarstvu trebala bi pridonijeti jačemu uključivanju rješenja Industrije 5.0 u sječu i izradu drva, posebno u ručno-strojni rad, primjenom tehnologija virtualne stvarnosti tijekom obuke radnika ili primjenom najnovijih tehnoloških rješenja u smislu jačanja ljudskoga rada s jedne strane te povećanja sigurnosti i zaštite zdravlja s druge strane.
Despite the development of mechanization and the application of high technologies in wood harvesting systems, motor-manual work with a chainsaw still prevails in the countries of South-Eastern Europe and beyond. The biomechanical workload of forestry workers in such operations is categorized as »very heavy«. The Center of Mass (CM) assessment plays an important role in understanding the exposure of forest workers to postural and occupational risks, either as part of the entire work process or as a part of a particular element of work technique. Accordingly, the aim of this research is to determine the position of the Center of Mass of the chainsaw workers in relation to three key work elements in tree felling operations (performing undercut, preforming final cut, and hammering a wedge with an axe) and its connection with personal and professional factors. To measure the position of the Center of Mass (n=28 forest sites, which also makes 28 sampled workers), the Xsens MVN Link motion capture suit was used as a state-of-the-art technology that enables data collection under real field conditions. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used to analyze the recorded data. Considered professional factors (working method, management model and tree diameter at breast height) and personal factors (age, height and body mass index) resulted in statistically significant difference regarding the measured values of the Center of Mass. Based on all the above, further kinematic research in forestry should contribute to a stronger inclusion of Industry 5.0 solutions in logging operations, especially motor-manual work, by applying virtual reality technologies during worker training or by using the latest technological solutions in terms of strengthening human labor on the one hand, and increasing safety and health protection on the other.
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