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•IO@CaCO3 shows ultrafast removal efficiency for As(V), Cr(VI) and Pb(II).•Synergistic effect enables IO@CaCO3 to purify wastewater up to drinkable level within 9min.•Adsorption ...involves both ion-exchange reaction and electrostatic interaction.•Heavy metal ion removal by IO@CaCO3 was also successful by column filtration.
A carbonate-based mesoporous magnetic adsorbent IO@CaCO3 was synthesized via a hydrothermal method. The IO@CaCO3 adsorbent removed both anionic (As(V) and Cr(VI)) and cationic (Pb(II)) heavy metal ions at a rate orders of magnitude faster than any conventional adsorbents reported to date; due to synergistic effect of needle-like IO and CaCO3, it completely removed (99.99%) the toxic heavy metal ions from wastewater in only 9min. In addition, it exhibited excellent As(V), Cr(VI), and Pb(II) removal capacities of 184.1, 251.6, and 1041.9mgg−1, respectively, over a wide pH range. The heavy metal ion adsorption mechanism involves ion-exchange reactions between the cationic/anionic heavy metal ions and the positively/negatively charged groups on the adsorbent. Along with the batch adsorption tests, heavy metal ion removal by IO@CaCO3 was also performed by column filtration, demonstrating the potential of IO@CaCO3 for use in practical applications. Moreover, the excellent removal efficiencies of the adsorbent for the heavy metal ions up to drinking water level and its easy separation by an external magnetic field enabled it to be effectively reused.
In this paper, we present techniques for automatically classifying players and tracking ball movements in basketball game video clips under poor conditions, where the camera angle dynamically shifts ...and changes. In the core of our system lies Yolo, a realtime object detection system. Given the ground truth boxes collected by our data specialists, Yolo is trained to detect the presence of objects in every video frame. In addition, Yolo uses Darknet that implements convolution neural networks to classify a detected object to a player and to recognize its jersey numbers of specific movements. By identifying players and ball possessions, we can automatically compute ball distributions that are reflected on complex networks. With original Yolo system, player movement can be interrupted, when the players move out of the frame due to camera shift and when players overlap each other on a two-dimensional frame. We have adapted Yolo to keep track of players even under such poor condition by considering contextual information available from the framework preceding and/or succeeding problematic video frames. In addition to the novel movement inference method, we provide a framework for analyzing the pass networks in various perspectives to help the managing staff to reveal critical determinants of team performance and to design better game strategies. We assess the performance of our system in terms of accuracy by making a comparison with the analytical reports generated by human experts.
Chemical water pollution poses a threat to human beings and ecological systems. The purification of water to remove toxic organic and inorganic pollutants is essential for a safe society and a clean ...environment. Adsorption-based water treatment is considered one of the most effective and economic technologies designed to remove toxic substances. In this article, we review the recent progress in the field of nanostructured materials used for water purification, particularly those used for the adsorption of heavy metal ions and organic dyes. This review includes a range of nanostructured materials such as metal-based nanoparticles, polymer-based nanomaterials, carbon nanomaterials, bio-mass materials, and other types of nanostructured materials. Finally, the current challenges in the fields of adsorption of toxic materials using nanostructured materials are briefly discussed.
Abstract
The human neurovascular system is a complex network of blood vessels and brain cells that is essential to the proper functioning of the brain. Researchers have become increasingly interested ...in the system for developing drugs to treat neuroinflammation. Currently, creating neurovascular models begins with animal models, followed by testing on humans in clinical trials. However, the high number of medication failures that pass through animal testing indicates that animal models do not always reflect the outcome of human clinical trials. To overcome the challenges of the issues with animal models, a neurovascular‐unit‐on‐a‐chip system is developed to accurately replicate the in vivo human neurovascular microenvironment. By replicating the human neurovascular unit, a more accurate representation of human physiology can be achieved compared to animal models. The ability to detect proinflammatory cytokines in situ and monitor physiological changes can provide an invaluable tool for evaluating the efficacy and safety of drugs. Using nanosized graphene oxide for in situ detection of inflammatory responses is an innovative approach that can advance the field of neuroinflammation research. Overall, the developed neuroinflammation‐on‐a‐chip system has the potential to provide a more efficient and effective method for developing drugs for treating neurodegenerative diseases and other central nervous system diseases.
The modified International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) has been used empirically to report or investigate working conditions or worker status. We used principal component analysis ...and k-means clustering to analyze the working population based on 67 occupational characteristics among 23,060 workers from the fourth Korean Working Conditions Survey in 2014. The three-cluster approach classified workers into major groups 1–4 (managers, professionals, technicians, and clerical support workers), 5–6 (service, sales, agricultural, forestry, and fishery workers), and 7–9 (crafts, trades, machine operators, assemblers, and elementary occupations) based on the ISCO-08. The results of the current study suggest a well-defined clustered occupational classification that can be used to report or investigate workers.
Rh(III)‐catalyzed cascade oxidative annulation of 2‐arylquinazolinones with various maleimides to afford spiroisoindoloquinazolinones bearing pyrrolidinediones is described. Sequential ortho C−H ...functionalization and spirocyclization via aza‐Michael addition result in the formation of both C−C and C−N bonds in a single operation. This atom‐ and step‐economic strategy provides an efficient and novel approach for the syntheses of diverse polyheterocycles bearing pyrrolidinediones, starting from 2‐heteroarylquinazolinones and 5‐arylpyrazolopyrimidinones, in good to excellent yields.
In situ quantitative measurements of neurotransmitter activities can provide useful insights into the underlying mechanisms of stem cell differentiation, the formation of neuronal networks, and ...neurodegenerative diseases. Currently, neurotransmitter detection methods suffer from poor spatial resolution, nonspecific detection, and a lack of in situ analysis. To address this challenge, herein, we first developed a graphene oxide (GO)-hybrid nanosurface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) array to detect dopamine (DA) in a selective and sensitive manner. Using the GO-hybrid nano-SERS array, we successfully measured a wide range of DA concentrations (10–4 to 10–9 M) rapidly and reliably. Moreover, the measurement of DA from differentiating neural stem cells applies to the characterization of neuronal differentiation. Given the challenges of in situ detection of neurotransmitters at the single-cell level, our developed SERS-based detection method can represent a unique tool for investigating single-cell signaling pathways associated with DA, or other neurotransmitters, and their roles in neurological processes.
Nucleic acid biomarkers have been widely used to detect various viral-associated diseases, including the recent pandemic COVID-19. The CRISPR-Cas-based trans-activating phenomenon has shown excellent ...potential for developing sensitive and selective detection of nucleic acids. However, the nucleic acid amplification steps are typically required when sensitive and selective monitoring of the target nucleic acid is needed. To overcome the aforementioned challenges, we developed a CRISPR-Cas12a-based nucleic acid amplification-free biosensor by a surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)-assisted ultrasensitive detection system. We integrated the activated CRISPR-Cas12a by viral DNA with a Raman-sensitive system composed of ssDNA-immobilized Raman probe-functionalized Au nanoparticles (RAuNPs) on the graphene oxide (GO)/triangle Au nanoflower array. Using this CRISPR-based Raman-sensitive system improved the detection sensitivity of the multiviral DNAs such as hepatitis B virus (HBV), human papillomavirus 16 (HPV-16), and HPV-18 with an extremely low detection limit and vast detection range from 1 aM to 100 pM without the amplification steps. We suggest that this ultrasensitive amplification-free detection system for nucleic acids can be widely applied to the precise and early diagnosis of viral infections, cancers, and several genetic diseases.
Abstract
The long-term cycling of anode-free Li-metal cells (i.e., cells where the negative electrode is in situ formed by electrodeposition on an electronically conductive matrix of lithium sourced ...from the positive electrode) using a liquid electrolyte is affected by the formation of an inhomogeneous solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on the current collector and irregular Li deposition. To circumvent these issues, we report an atomically defective carbon current collector where multivacancy defects induce homogeneous SEI formation on the current collector and uniform Li nucleation and growth to obtain a dense Li morphology. Via simulations and experimental measurements and analyses, we demonstrate the beneficial effect of electron deficiency on the Li hosting behavior of the carbon current collector. Furthermore, we report the results of testing anode-free coin cells comprising a multivacancy defective carbon current collector, a Li
x
Ni
0.8
Co
0.1
Mn
0.1
-based cathode and a nonaqueous Li-containing electrolyte solution. These cells retain 90% of their initial capacity for over 50 cycles under lean electrolyte conditions.
Air and water pollution pose an enormous threat to human health and ecosystems. In particular, particulate matter (PM) and oily wastewater can cause serious environmental and health concerns. Thus, ...controlling PM and oily wastewater has been a great challenge. Various techniques have been reported to effectively remove PM particles and purify oily wastewater. In this article, we provide a review of the recent advancements in air filtration and oil/water separation using two- and three-dimensional (2D and 3D) bulk materials. Our review covers the advantages, characteristics, limitations, and challenges of air filters and oil/water separators using 2D and 3D bulk materials. In each section, we present representative works in detail and describe the concepts, backgrounds, employed materials, fabrication methods, and characteristics of 2D and 3D bulk material-based air filters and oil/water separators. Finally, the challenges, technical problems, and future research directions are briefly discussed for each section.
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