One of the main challenges for the observation of a transient luminous event (TLE) is to observe TLEs in different emission bands. Here, we show TLEs recorded using the ISUAL 427.8 nm, 630 nm, N2 1P ...(623–750 nm) and 762‐nm‐filtered imager, and we analyze the 630‐nm‐filtered, N2 1P‐filtered, and 762‐nm‐filtered images of TLEs for estimating the N2 (B3Πg) Boltzmann vibrational temperature in comparison with the theoretical N2 1P spectrum. For ISUAL recorded sprites, the average brightness of N2 1P (I1p), 762 nm (I762), and 630 nm (I630) emission was 2.3, 0.6, and 0.02 MR. The N2 (B3Πg) vibrational temperatures (Tv) was estimated to be 2800 K, 3200 K, and 4300 K for multiband emission ratios of I630/I1p, I630/I762, and I762/I1p. For observed elves, the average brightness I1p, I762, and I630 were 170, 50, and 3 kR. The estimated Tv values were 3700 K, 3700 K, and 3800 K for ratios I630/I1p, I630/I762, and I762/I1p. For observed gigantic jets, the derived Tv values were 3000–5000 K for a ratio I762/I1p. Through N2 (B3Πg) Tv analyses from emission ratios of ISUAL multiband observation, we derived the N2 (B3Πg) vibrational temperature that ranges between 3000 and 5000 K or higher in TLEs. Accuracy and variations of derived N2 (B3Πg) Tv are also discussed while relative population of vibrational levels in the Boltzmann equilibrium are also compared with past spectra observation.
Key Points
ISUAL multiband measured emission ratios of 630 nm, N2 1P (623–750 nm) and 762 nm emissions in transient luminous events are summarized
N2 (B3Πg) vibrational temperatures are estimated using ISUAL measured emission ratios in transient luminous events
Altitude profiles of estimated N2 (B3Πg) vibrational temperatures range between 3000 and 5000 K or higher in transient luminous events
Despite the potential of roll-to-roll processing for the fabrication of perovskite films, the realization of highly efficient and reproducible perovskite solar cells (PeSCs) through continuous ...coating techniques and low-temperature processing is still challenging. Here, we demonstrate that efficient and reliable CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPbI3) films fabricated by a printing process can be achieved through synergetic effects of binary processing additives, N-cyclohexyl-2-pyrrolidone (CHP) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Notably, these perovskite films are deposited from premixed perovskite solutions for facile one-step processing under a room-temperature and ambient atmosphere. The CHP molecules result in the uniform and homogeneous perovskite films even in the one-step slot-die system, which originate from the high boiling point and low vapor pressure of CHP. Meanwhile, the DMSO molecules facilitate the growth of perovskite grains by forming intermediate states with the perovskite precursor molecules. Consequently, fully printed PeSC based on the binary additive system exhibits a high PCE of 12.56% with a high reproducibility.
This study aims to provide a system to recycle vanadium resources and recover membranes from waste proton-exchange membranes. This research is divided into two parts. To begin, ion exchange batch and ...column experiments were applied to adsorb vanadium in a membrane. In this process, the waste membrane was initially dissolved in a 50% ethanol solution, and the suspension obtained by dispersing the membrane had 74 mg/L of vanadium. Then, Dowex G26 resin was used to adsorb vanadium from the membrane dispersion in the ion-exchange process. The adsorptive behavior and optimal parameters were explored in this study. The vanadium ions were then eluted by HCl to obtain an enrichment solution, and the V
O
was received through precipitation and calcination methods. After obtaining the vanadium-free dispersion, the recycled membrane was prepared by recasting it in the second part. The characteristics of the recycled membrane, such as the moisture, FTIR spectra, ion-exchange capacity, and ion conductivity, are discussed. The results revealed that the adsorption capacity of vanadium through Dowex G26 was 81.86 mg/g. The eluting efficiency of HCl was 97.5%, and the optimal parameters of the precipitation and calcination processes were set as pH 5, NH
Cl:V = 2:1, and 350 °C. The moisture of the recycled membrane was 25.98%, and the IEC was 0.565 meq/g. The consequences of FTIR and ion conductivity demonstrated that the vanadium in the recycled membrane was eliminated by the ion-exchange method; however, the microstructure of the recycled membrane was influenced during ion exchange and recasting.
: We investigate the extent to which employee stock option (ESO) cutbacks around issuance of SFAS 123R are explained by eliminating the favorable accounting treatment available to firms prior to ...SFAS 123R and the economic consequences of such ESO cutbacks. We find a reduction in the grant day fair value of ESOs to all employees, which is an increasing function of the accounting benefits the firm derived from ESOs’ favorable accounting treatment prior to SFAS 123R. The removal of these accounting benefits explains 20% (45%) of ESO cutbacks around the issuance of SFAS 123R for our sample median (mean) firm. We do not find that firms cutting back more on the use of ESOs experienced a greater decrease in firm performance. Rather, a dollar increase in ESOs is associated with higher future productivity and higher future firm value in the post‐SFAS 123R period. Collectively, our evidence suggests that ESOs’ favorable accounting treatment prior to SFAS 123R provided firms with incentives to make compensation decisions that minimized accounting expense but did not maximize firm value. We show that firms were more likely to replace ESOs with restricted stock and long‐term incentive plans post‐SFAS 123R but the substitution was far less than dollar for dollar.
Cigarette smoke is a known risk factor for urothelial carcinoma (UC). However, there is limited information about the distributions and effects of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on smoking-related ...UC risk. With this hospital-based case-control study, we explored the associations between urinary levels of cotinine and VOC metabolites (acrylamide, 1,3-butadiene, and benzene) and the risk of UC. Urological examinations and pathological verifications were used to confirm the diagnoses of UC. All study participants provided smoking-related information via questionnaires and face-to-face interviews; they also provided urine samples for the measurement of VOC metabolites, cotinine, and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), which was used as an indicator of oxidative stress. We applied multiple logistic regression analysis to estimate the risk of UC, and we found that levels of urinary cotinine and 8-OHdG were higher in the UC group than in the control group. Furthermore, urinary levels of VOC metabolites, including N-acetyl-S-(2-carbamoylethyl)-L-cysteine (AAMA), N-acetyl-S-(2-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-L-cysteine, N-acetyl-S-(4-hydroxy-2-buten-1-yl)-L-cysteine-3, trans,trans-muconic acid (t,t-MA), and S-phenylmercapturic acid (SPMA), increased with increasing levels of urinary cotinine. After adjusting for potential risk factors, dose–response relationships were observed between UC risk and urinary levels of AAMA, t,t-MA, SPMA, and 8-OHdG. Participants with high urinary levels of cotinine, AAMA, t,t-MA, SPMA, and 8-OHdG had risks of UC that were 3.5- to 6-fold higher than those of participants with lower levels. Future, large-scale investigations of the risks of UC should be explored, and repeated measurement of VOC metabolites should be assessed.
Near‐infrared light‐emitting technology is ideal for noncontact diagnostic medical imaging and high‐speed data communications. High‐quality ReSe2 nanosheets of anisotropic single‐crystal structure ...with a bandgap of 1.26 eV (≈984 nm) are synthesized with an atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD) method. The as‐synthesized ReSe2 nanosheets‐fabricated light‐emitting transistors (LETs) exhibit nearly symmetric ambipolar characteristics in electrical transport. Judicious selection of asymmetric platinum (Pt)/chromium (Cr) electrodes, with their work functions matching respectively the conduction‐ and valence‐band edges of ambipolar ReSe2, generates a low turn‐on voltage ReSe2‐LET with the balanced number density and field‐effect mobility of bipolar carriers (i.e., electrons and holes). Room‐temperature near‐infrared electroluminescence (NIR EL) from the frequency‐modulated ReSe2‐LET has been observed unprecedentedly with the assistance of a lock‐in detection system. The NIR EL intensity is tested by varying the bias voltage applied to the ReSe2‐LET devices with different channel lengths. The wavelength of the NIR EL from ReSe2‐LET is differentiated with optical bandpass filters. Room‐temperature angle‐dependent two lobe‐shaped EL pattern manifests the inherent anisotropic in‐plane excitonic polarization of the ReSe2 crystal. The highly stable NIR EL from ReSe2‐LETs provides prospective 2D material‐based ultrathin scalable data communication electronics for future development.
Single‐crystalline ReSe2 nanosheets with nearly symmetric ambipolar electrical transports are used as a conducting channel to fabricate light‐emitting transistors (LETs) by connecting a pair of asymmetric Pt/Cr electrodes. The ReSe2‐LETs, holding the balanced number density and field‐effect mobility of bipolar carriers, can be driven by low turn‐on voltage. Room‐temperature near‐infrared electroluminescence from the ReSe2‐LET has been observed unprecedentedly.
Besides the use of information transmission, vehicular communications also perform an essential role in intelligent transportation systems (ITS) for exchanging critical driving information among end ...users, vehicles, and infrastructures. Moreover, to enhance the understanding of the local environment, increasingly more data are collected by sensors, inducing an extensive use of deep learning (DL)-based algorithms in ITS. To further promote the development of DL-based algorithms in ITS, in this paper, we present a concise introduction of DL technologies. Then, we conduct an in-depth investigation on two popular DL-based applications used in ITS, traffic flow forecasting and trajectory prediction, focusing on
when
and
how
the authors employ different DL models and training schemes in these tasks. Finally, we raise two existing problems while employing DL-based algorithms in practical ITS and further discuss certain recent advances in DL-based research to tackle these challenges. To encourage more researchers to focus on the development of DL-based algorithms in ITS for a better world, we hope this paper can be treated as an informational material for prospective researchers, which contains the essential background knowledge of DL-based ITS applications; we also hope this paper will encourage experienced researchers to counter the open challenges and achieve a technical breakthrough to ITS.
A nanostructured micro-prism array (MPA) was integrated onto a solar module consisting of multiple perovskite solar cells (PeSCs) to minimize optical losses from surface reflection and the inactive ...areas reserved for interconnection. The MPA structure redirects light that is incident on inactive areas onto active sub-cell areas to improve the light harvesting efficiency. The nanoscale sub-wavelength structures (SWSs) minimize the surface reflection at the surface of the PeSC module. Combining the technical advantages of these two structures, the MPA decorated with nanoscale SWSs improves the performance of the PeSC module. The short circuit current of the PeSC module employing the MPA decorated with nanoscale SWSs was improved by 1.4 mA/cm2 compared to a conventional PeSC module covered with bare glass.
•A 1 × 4 monolithic perovskite solar cell module was fabricated.•To enhance the light harvesting, the nanostructured MPA was applied onto the module.•The optical characteristics of the nanostructured MPA were analyzed.•The Jsc of the module integrated with nanostructured MPA are relatively improved by 36.8%.
Insulin-stimulated translocation of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) to plasma membrane of skeletal muscle is critical for postprandial glucose uptake; however, whether the internalization of GLUT4 is ...also regulated by insulin signaling remains unclear. Here, we discover that the activity of dynamin-2 (Dyn2) in catalyzing GLUT4 endocytosis is negatively regulated by insulin signaling in muscle cells. Mechanistically, the fission activity of Dyn2 is inhibited by binding with the SH3 domain of Bin1. In the absence of insulin, GSK3α phosphorylates Dyn2 to relieve the inhibition of Bin1 and promotes endocytosis. Conversely, insulin signaling inactivates GSK3α and leads to attenuated GLUT4 internalization. Furthermore, the isoform-specific pharmacological inhibition of GSK3α significantly improves insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in diet-induced insulin-resistant mice. Together, we identify a new role of GSK3α in insulin-stimulated glucose disposal by regulating Dyn2-mediated GLUT4 endocytosis in muscle cells. These results highlight the isoform-specific function of GSK3α on membrane trafficking and its potential as a therapeutic target for metabolic disorders.
Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) tumor model has become a new approach in identifying druggable tumor mutations, screening and evaluating personalized cancer drugs based on the mutated targets.
We ...established five nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) PDXs in mouse model. Subsequently, whole-exome sequencing (WES) and genomic mutation analyses were performed to search for genetic alterations for new drug targets. Potential drugs were applied in two NPC PDX mice model to assess their anti-cancer activities. RNA sequencing and transcriptomic analysis were performed in one NPC PDX mice to correlate with the efficacy of the anti-cancer drugs.
A relative high incident rate of copy number variations (CNVs) of cell cycle-associated genes. Among the five NPC-PDXs, three had cyclin D1 (CCND1) amplification while four had cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor CDKN2A deletion. Furthermore, CCND1 overexpression was observed in > 90% FFPE clinical metastatic NPC tumors (87/91) and was associated with poor outcomes. CNV analysis disclosed that plasma CCND1/CDKN2A ratio is correlated with EBV DNA load in NPC patients' plasma and could serve as a screening test to select potential CDK4/6 inhibitor treatment candidates. Based on our NPC PDX model and RNA sequencing, Palbociclib, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, proved to have anti-tumor effects by inducing G1 arrest. One NPC patient with liver metastatic was treated with Palbociclib, had stable disease response and a drop in Epstein Barr virus (EBV) EBV titer.
Our integrated information of sequencing-based genomic studies and tumor transcriptomes with drug treatment in NPC-PDX models provided guidelines for personalized precision treatments and revealed a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor Palbociclib as a novel candidate drug for NPC.
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