Calophyllum inophyllum L. (Calophyllaceae) is an evergreen tree ethno-medically used along the seashores and islands of the Indian and Pacific Oceans, especially in Polynesia. Oil extracted from the ...seeds is traditionally used topically to treat a wide range of skin injuries from burn, scar and infected wounds to skin diseases such as dermatosis, urticaria and eczema. However, very few scientific studies reported and quantified the therapeutic properties of Calophyllum inophyllum oil (CIO). In this work, five CIO from Indonesia (CIO1), Tahiti (CIO2, 3), Fiji islands (CIO4) and New Caledonia (CIO5) were studied and their cytotoxic, wound healing, and antibacterial properties were presented in order to provide a scientific support to their traditional use and verify their safety.
The safety of the five CIO was ascertained using the Alamar blue assay on human keratinocyte cells. CIO wound healing properties were determined using the scratch test assay on human keratinocyte cells. CIO-stimulated antibacterial innate immune response was evaluated using ELISA by measuring β defensin-2 release in human derivative macrophage cells. CIO antibacterial activity was tested using oilogramme against twenty aerobic Gram- bacteria species, twenty aerobic Gram+ bacteria species, including a multi-drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain and two anaerobic Gram+ bacteria species e.g. Propionibacterium acnes and Propionibacterium granulosum. To detect polarity profile of the components responsible of the antibacterial activity, we performed bioautography against a Staphylococcus aureus strain.
Based on Alamar Blue assay, we showed that CIO can be safely used on keratinocyte cells between 2.7% and 11.2% depending on CIO origin. Concerning the healing activity, all the CIO tested accelerated in vitro wound closure, the healing factor being 1.3 to 2.1 higher compared to control when keratinocytes were incubated after scratch with CIO at 0.1%. Furthermore, our results showed that CIO exhibit two distinct antibacterial effects: one against Gram+ bacteria by direct inhibition of mitotic growth and another potent effect against Gram- bacteria due to increased release of β-defensin 2 peptide by macrophages. Interestingly, the needed concentrations of CIO to inhibit bacteria growth and to promote wound healing are lower than concentrations exhibiting cytotoxic effects on keratinocyte cells. Finally, we performed bioautography assay against Staphylococcus aureus to determine polarity profile of the components responsible for CIO antibacterial activity. Our results showed for the five tested CIO that components responsible of the bacterial growth inhibition are the more polar one on the TLC chromatographic profile and are contained in the resinous fraction of the oil.
This study was conducted to evaluate cytotoxicity, wound healing and antibacterial properties of five CIO traditionally used to treat infected wounds. Using cell and bacteria cultures, we confirmed the pharmacological effects of CIO as wound healing and antimicrobial agent. Moreover, we showed that concentration of CIO needed to exhibit therapeutic effects are lower than concentrations exhibiting cytotoxic effects in vitro. For the first time, this study provides support for traditional uses of CIO. These wound healing and antibiotic properties make CIO a valuable candidate to treat infected wounds especially in tropical areas.
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Mammea americana is a tropical tree belonging to the Calophyllaceae family that bears edible fruits and is known locally as “Mamey”, “Mammee apple” or “Abricot-pays”. All parts of ...this species have wide applications in traditional medicine according to the country, such as the treatment of skin diseases, fever, inflammation and as an insect-repellent. The whole fresh fruit is widely consumed, the pulp is processed into juice and jam, and the flower is used as flavoured liquor. A significant number of reports highlight its phytochemical composition and biological activities, particularly the high insecticidal potential of this species. However, there is a lack of reviews on the phytochemistry of this plant in a peer-reviewed journal. The present review draws up a general inventory of the ethnobotany, medicinal uses, chemical constituents and pharmacology of Mammea americana.
The data were collected using databases including PubMed, Scopus, SciFinder, Reaxys, Google Scholar, Elsevier, Springer, and Wiley along with botanical websites (theplantlist.org, tropicos.org, etc.), classic and specialized books.
A complex mixture of approximately 50 coumarins which cause toxicity to insects has been described and 40 of them isolated and identified. Other families of compounds have also been described such as xanthones and triterpenes. The antitumor and antimicrobial activities have often been described as well. This review offers an overview of the current state of knowledge of this species as well as highlights prospects for future research projects.
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Cymoside, an oxidized derivative of strictosidine with an unprecedented hexacyclic skeleton which includes a double bridge linking the indole and the monoterpene moieties has been ...isolated from the leaves of Chimarrhis cymosa. The structure of this alkaloid, its relative and absolute configurations have been established by spectroscopic data including 1D and 2D NMR experiments (COSY, HSQC, HMBC, NOESY), HRESIMS and electronic circular dichroïsm (ECD) calculations.
This Data Descriptor announces the submission to public repositories of the monoterpene indole alkaloid database (MIADB), a cumulative collection of 172 tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) spectra from ...multiple research projects conducted in eight natural product chemistry laboratories since the 1960s. All data have been annotated and organized to promote reuse by the community. Being a unique collection of these complex natural products, these data can be used to guide the dereplication and targeting of new related monoterpene indole alkaloids within complex mixtures when applying computer-based approaches, such as molecular networking. Each spectrum has its own accession number from CCMSLIB00004679916 to CCMSLIB00004680087 on the GNPS. The MIADB is available for download from MetaboLights under the identifier: MTBLS142 ( https://www.ebi.ac.uk/metabolights/MTBLS142 ).
The dialdehydes oleacein (2) and oleocanthal (4) are closely related to oleuropein (1) and ligstroside (3), the two latter compounds being abundant iridoids of Olea europaea. By exploiting oleuropein ...isolated from the plant leaf extract, an efficient procedure has been developed for a one-step semisynthesis of oleacein under Krapcho decarbomethoxylation conditions. Highlighted is the fact that 5-lipoxygenase is a direct target for oleacein with an inhibitory potential (IC50: 2 μM) more potent than oleocanthal (4) and oleuropein (1). This enzyme catalyzes the initial steps in the biosynthesis of pro-inflammatory leukotrienes. Taken together, the methodology presented here offers an alternative solution to isolation or total synthesis for the procurement of oleacein, thus facilitating the further development as a potential anti-inflammatory agent.
Oleuropein is a glucosylated seco-iridoid present in olive fruits and leaves. Due to its broad spectrum of biological activities, including anticancer properties, oleuropein has attracted scientific ...attention for the past 20 years. The promising antiproliferative activity of an olive leaf extract enriched in oleuropein against a series of human cancer cell lines, prompted us to proceed with the semi-synthesis of 51 analogs of oleuropein. Following their initial screening against the estrogen receptor negative breast cancer cell line SKBR3, 7 analogs were shown to display significant cytotoxicity and were further tested against 6 additional solid tumor-derived and leukemic cell lines. The analog with the most promising antitumor activity (24) was selected for more detailed studies. 24 was non-toxic to peripheral blood mononuclear cells derived from healthy blood donors when tested at concentrations close to its half maximal inhibitory concentration. In vivo administration of 24 in melanoma-bearing mice resulted in reducing tumor size in a dose-dependent manner and in inducing anti-melanoma-reactive immune responses. Our results suggest that analog 24, emerging from the initial structure of oleuropein, represents a promising lead structure for further optimization.
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•New semi-synthetic derivatives of oleuropein have been synthesized.•Extensive SAR study has been performed to identify the structural determinants to display cytotoxicity.•One analogue displayed cytotoxic activity at the micromolar levels on several cancer cell lines.•The identified analogue is non-toxic and active in vivo.•The active compound stimulates the immune system of the mouse to fight against the oncogenic cells.
Pyrane to oxepane in one step: Highly regio‐ and stereoselective homologations dependent on the nature of carbonyl function and catalysts have been observed during the formation of enoxysilanes (see ...scheme). Trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (TMSOTf) and AlCl3 were identified as suitable catalysts to promote the homologation and ring‐enlargement.
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