Code Choice in the Language Classroom argues that the foreign language classroom is and should be regarded as a multilingual community of practice rather than as a perpetually deficient imitator of ...an exclusive second-language environment. From a sociocultural and ecological perspective, Levine guides the reader through a theoretical, empirical, and pedagogical treatment of the important roles of the first language, and of code-switching practices, in the language classroom. Intended for SLA researchers, language teachers, language program directors, and graduate students of foreign languages and literatures, the book develops a framework for thinking about all aspects of code choice in the language classroom and offers concrete proposals for designing and carrying out instruction in a multilingual classroom community of practice.
Purpose Men with localized prostate cancer often are treated with external radiotherapy (RT) over 8 to 9 weeks. Hypofractionated RT is given over a shorter time with larger doses per treatment than ...standard RT. We hypothesized that hypofractionation versus conventional fractionation is similar in efficacy without increased toxicity. Patients and Methods We conducted a multicenter randomized noninferiority trial in intermediate-risk prostate cancer (T1 to 2a, Gleason score ≤ 6, and prostate-specific antigen PSA 10.1 to 20 ng/mL; T2b to 2c, Gleason ≤ 6, and PSA ≤ 20 ng/mL; or T1 to 2, Gleason = 7, and PSA ≤ 20 ng/mL). Patients were allocated to conventional RT of 78 Gy in 39 fractions over 8 weeks or to hypofractionated RT of 60 Gy in 20 fractions over 4 weeks. Androgen deprivation was not permitted with therapy. The primary outcome was biochemical-clinical failure (BCF) defined by any of the following: PSA failure (nadir + 2), hormonal intervention, clinical local or distant failure, or death as a result of prostate cancer. The noninferiority margin was 7.5% (hazard ratio, < 1.32). Results Median follow-up was 6.0 years. One hundred nine of 608 patients in the hypofractionated arm versus 117 of 598 in the standard arm experienced BCF. Most of the events were PSA failures. The 5-year BCF disease-free survival was 85% in both arms (hazard ratio short v standard, 0.96; 90% CI, 0.77 to 1.2). Ten deaths as a result of prostate cancer occurred in the short arm and 12 in the standard arm. No significant differences were detected between arms for grade ≥ 3 late genitourinary and GI toxicity. Conclusion The hypofractionated RT regimen used in this trial was not inferior to conventional RT and was not associated with increased late toxicity. Hypofractionated RT is more convenient for patients and should be considered for intermediate-risk prostate cancer.
Author Bio Levine, Glenn S.
The Modern language journal (Boulder, Colo.),
01/2020, Letnik:
104, Številka:
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Odprti dostop
Glenn S. Levine (Ph.D., University of Texas at Austin) is Professor of German and affiliated professor in the Department of Language Science at the University of California, Irvine.
CHAPTER 3 Levine, Glenn S.
The Modern language journal (Boulder, Colo.),
01/2020, Letnik:
104, Številka:
S1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Chapter 3 of Glenn S. Levine's monograph A Human Ecological Language Pedagogy focuses on creativity, which stands as a central but elusive aspect of language teaching and learning.
CHAPTER 1 Levine, Glenn S.
The Modern language journal (Boulder, Colo.),
01/2020, Letnik:
104, Številka:
S1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Chapter 1 of Glenn S. Levine's monograph A Human Ecological Language Pedagogy focuses on the complex nature of social systems and how this affects the language learning process.
CHAPTER 4 Levine, Glenn S.
The Modern language journal (Boulder, Colo.),
01/2020, Letnik:
104, Številka:
S1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Chapter 4 of Glenn S. Levine's monograph A Human Ecological Language Pedagogy focuses on how language teaching and learning can contribute to the alleviation of suffering in the world and the ...promotion of nonviolence.
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