One of the limitations of satellite techniques in archaeological investigations is the land cover. Heritage objects may be more or less visible depending on the land cover type. Low vegetation, such ...as grass or small shrubs, will usually allow us to determine the location of archaeological objects if the difference in height between the object and vegetation is not significant enough. Forest or high vegetation cover makes it more challenging to determine the location of potentially artificial structures. This project's study area covered 50^70 km of the lower reaches of the Vistula River, Poland. The authors searched for anthropogenic objects close to watercourses and analysed nine different (point, line and surface type) objects having a defensive, sepulchral or settlement function. Circular objects, ditches and earth embankments, burial mounds and strongholds of regular forms were found during this research. Based on nine different models processed with LiDAR-based DEMs, several characteristics and relationships of various types of objects were demonstrated. Moreover, optimal models for searching for archaeological objects in forest areas were defined.
Spoil tips are anthropogenic terrain structures built of leftover (coal) mining materials. They consist mostly of slate and sandstone or mudstone but also include coal and highly explosive coal dust. ...Coal soil tip fires cause an irreversible degradation to the environment. Government organizations notice the potential problem of spoil tip hazard and are looking for ways of fast monitoring of their temperature and inside structure. In order to test new monitoring methods an experimental was performed in the area of spoil tip of Lubelski Węgiel „Bogdanka” S.A. A survey consisted of creating a 3D discreet thermal model. This was done in order to look for potential fire areas. MASW (Multichannel analysis of surface wave) was done in order to find potential voids within the body of a tip. Existing data was digitalized and a 3D model of object’s outside and inside was produced. This article provides results of this survey and informs about advantages of such an approach.
The study is devoted to the uses of laser scanning in the field of engineering surveying. It is currently one of the main trends of research which is developed at the Department of Engineering ...Surveying and Civil Engineering at the Faculty of Mining Surveying and Environmental Engineering of AGH University of Science and Technology in Krakow. They mainly relate to the issues associated with tower and shell structures, infrastructure of rail routes, or development of digital elevation models for a wide range of applications. These issues often require the use of a variety of scanning techniques (stationary, mobile), but the differences also regard the planning of measurement stations and methods of merging point clouds. Significant differences appear during the analysis of point clouds, especially when modeling objects. Analysis of the selected parameters is already possible basing on ad hoc measurements carried out on a point cloud. However, only the construction of three-dimensional models provides complete information about the shape of structures, allows to perform the analysis in any place and reduces the amount of the stored data. Some structures can be modeled in the form of simple axes, sections, or solids, for others it becomes necessary to create sophisticated models of surfaces, depicting local deformations. The examples selected for the study allow to assess the scope of measurement and office work for a variety of uses related to the issue set forth in the title of this study. Additionally, the latest, forward-looking technology was presented - laser scanning performed from Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (drones). Currently, it is basically in the prototype phase, but it might be expected to make a significant progress in numerous applications in the field of engineering surveying.
The purpose of this project is to determine a fast way of calculating the volume and distribution of snow mantle, which is located in wide terrain concavities in mountain areas. Our study area was ...so-called Szrenicki Cirque (Kocioł Szrenicki), which is the nival recess, located in Karkonosze Mountains, Poland. We analyzed modern technologies, that are designed to generate 3D-models: terrain laser scanning and close-range photogrammetry (including structure-from-motion technique). There were two major reasons for our research. First, analyzing if a structure-frommotion based software is capable of creating a 3D model of snow cover since potential tie points for adjoin pictures are scarce. The second was to establish the quality and accuracy of this model in relation to potentially more accurate terrestrial laser scanning results. An important issue was also is to estimate the fastest, simplest and least expensive methodology that can be implemented as a daily task of Karkonosze National Park workers. A proper, fast, safe and accurate method of calculating the snow cover volume would incise the safety and avalanche risk evaluation in the vicinity of Karkonosze Mountains. In addition, the developed method can be used to monitor the risk of local spring floods.
Abstract
This paper describes the means of supporting virtual reconstruction of wooden and masonry buildings with the use of thermal infrared images. Not all remaining architectural heritage can be ...physically preserved. War, climate change and rapidly growing cities have caused damage and degradation to valuable historical buildings. In order to preserve them virtually, various methods of 3D modelling have been employed. This paper presents information on how to create a full 3D inventory of a building’s exterior. This includes a 3D thermal model of the building, merging thermal camera data with a spatial model, which aids the reconstruction of previous stages of a building’s existence. The authors argue that in cases when it is impossible to force heat transfer from inside the structure (via man‐made heating), 24 hours of observations using only solar heating can be sufficient to find heat bridges and other thermal anomalies that can be used for virtual reconstruction.
Résumé
Cet article décrit une méthode de reconstruction virtuelle de bâtiments en bois et en maçonnerie à l’aide d’images acquises en infrarouge thermique. Tout le patrimoine architectural restant ne peut pas être physiquement préservé. La guerre, le changement climatique et la croissance rapide des villes ont engendré des dommages et des dégradations sur des bâtiments historiques de grande valeur. Différentes méthodes de modélisation 3D ont été mises en œuvre pour qu’ils soient conservés virtuellement. Cet article montre comment créer l’inventaire 3D complet de l’extérieur d’un bâtiment. Cela comprend un modèle thermique 3D du bâtiment, qui fusionne les données d’une caméra thermique avec un modèle spatial, ce qui facilite la reconstruction des états antérieurs à l’existence du bâtiment. Les auteurs soutiennent que dans les cas où il est impossible de forcer le transfert de chaleur depuis l’intérieur de la structure (par chauffage artificiel), 24 heures d’observations utilisant uniquement la chaleur solaire peuvent suffire pour trouver des ponts thermiques et autres anomalies thermiques, et permettre ainsi la reconstruction virtuelle.
Zusammenfassung
Dieser Beitrag beschreibt Mittel und Wege, die virtuelle Rekonstruktion von Gebäuden aus Holz‐ und Mauerwerk mit Hilfe von thermalen Infrarot Aufnahmen zu unterstützen. Nicht alle Überreste von Baudenkmälern können physisch erhalten werden. Kriege, Klimawandel und schnell wachsende Städte haben Schäden und Zerstörung an wertvollen historischen Gebäuden verursacht. Um sie virtuell zu erhalten, wurden verschiedene Methoden der 3D Modellierung angewandt. Dieser Beitrag stellt vor, wie eine komplette 3D Inventur der Außenhülle eines Gebäudes erstellt werden kann. Dazu wird ein thermales 3D Modell des Gebäudes durch eine Verknüpfung von Thermalaufnahmen mit einem räumlichen Modell erstellt, das hilft, die vorhergehenden Phasen des Gebäudes zu rekonstruieren. Nach Meinung der Autoren, kann in dem Fall, dass eine Wärmeübertragung aus dem Inneren des Gebäudes durch künstliche Beheizung nicht möglich ist, als Alternative 24 Stunden Beobachtung unter Sonneneinstrahlung ausreichen, um Wärmebrücken und andere thermal Anomalien zu erkennen und für die virtuelle Rekonstruktion zu nutzen.
Resumen
Este artículo describe recursos para la reconstrucción virtual de edificios de madera y mampostería usando imágenes infrarrojas térmicas. No todo el patrimonio arquitectónico que ha llegado al presente puede conservarse físicamente. La guerra, el cambio climático y el rápido crecimiento de las ciudades han causado daños y degradación en edificios históricos valiosos. Para preservarlos virtualmente, se han empleado varios métodos de modelado 3D. Este documento presenta información sobre cómo crear un inventario completo 3D del exterior de un edificio. Incluyendo un modelo térmico 3D del edificio, que combina los datos de cámaras térmicas con un modelo espacial, lo que ayuda a la reconstrucción de las etapas anteriores al estado presente de un edificio. Los autores sostienen que para encontrar puentes calientes y otras anomalías térmicas que puedan usarse para la reconstrucción virtual, en aquellos casos en que forzar la transferencia de calor desde el interior de la estructura (a través de calefacción artificial) es imposible, 24 horas de observaciones utilizando solo calefacción solar pueden ser suficientes.
摘要
本文提出使用红外热影像以协助重建木制和砖石建筑虚拟模型的方法。 并非所有现存的建筑遗产均可以实体保存。 战争、气候变化和城市的快速发展，对珍贵的历史建筑造成了破坏和剥蚀。 已经有许多的三维建模方法来虚拟化保存历史建筑。 本文就创建建筑物外部完整的三维模型进行探讨。 其中包括建筑物之三维热模型，将热像仪数据与空间模型整合，有助于重建建筑物之前几个阶段的状况的。 作者认为，在无法经由建筑物内部人工加热以了解热传递的情况下，对以太阳为热源的热变化进行24小时观测，就足以找到可用于虚拟重建的热传递通道和其他热异常。
Since its discovery and recognition of its importance in the 1890s, archaeologists have been studying the cliff dwellings and rock art of the Mesa Verde region of southwestern Colorado, seeking to ...understand the factors that drove complex farming Ancestral Pueblo culture societies from these once vibrant communities in the end of the thirteenth century AD. Inventory process had been done before with various methods including classic or traditional archaeological investigations and basic distance and bearing survey measurements. With the dawn of new, remote sensing technologies, it was possible to make a detailed inventory covering wider area and automatically or semi-automatically connect all data with a common coordinate system. This paper describes current digital methods of heritage documentation and conservation in this area and provides a good-practice guide to how inventory and virtual documentation of such challenging landscape should be performed. This is part of an ongoing Sand Canyon-Castle Rock Community Archaeological Project that examines connections between the landscape, architecture and rock art of the Castle Rock Community in the thirteenth century AD and other sites in the Canyons of the Ancients National Monument, southwestern Colorado, US.
Causal modelling offers great potential to provide autonomous agents the ability to understand the data-generation process that governs their interactions with the world. Such models capture formal ...knowledge as well as probabilistic representations of noise and uncertainty typically encountered by autonomous robots in real-world environments. Thus, causality can aid autonomous agents in making decisions and explaining outcomes, but deploying causality in such a manner introduces new challenges. Here we identify challenges relating to causality in the context of a drone system operating in a salt mine. Such environments are challenging for autonomous agents because of the presence of confounders, non-stationarity, and a difficulty in building complete causal models ahead of time. To address these issues, we propose a probabilistic causal framework consisting of: causally-informed POMDP planning, online SCM adaptation, and post-hoc counterfactual explanations. Further, we outline planned experimentation to evaluate the framework integrated with a drone system in simulated mine environments and on a real-world mine dataset.
Spoil tips are anthropomorphic terrain structures built of leftover mining materials. They consist mostly of slate and sandstone or mudstone but also include coal and coal dust. Coal soil tip fires ...cause an irreversible degradation to the environment. Government organizations notice the potential problem of spoil tip hazard and are looking for ways of fast monitoring of their temperature and inside structure. In order to test new monitoring methods an experimental was performed in the area of spoil tip of Lubelski Wegiel "Bogdanka" S.A. A survey consisted of creating a 3D discreet thermal model. This was done in order to look for potential fire areas. MASW was done in order to find potential voids within the body of a tip. Existing data was digitalized and a 3D model of object's outside and inside was produced. This article provides results of this survey and informs about advantages of such an approach.
One of the limitations of satellite techniques in archaeological investigations is the land cover. Heritage objects may be more or less visible depending on the land cover type. Low vegetation, such ...as grass or small shrubs, will usually allow us to determine the location of archaeological objects if the difference in height between the object and vegetation is not significant enough. Forest or high vegetation cover makes it more challenging to determine the location of potentially artificial structures. This project's study area covered 50×70 km of the lower reaches of the Vistula River, Poland. The authors searched for anthropogenic objects close to watercourses and analysed nine different (point, line and surface type) objects having a defensive, sepulchral or settlement function. Circular objects, ditches and earth embankments, burial mounds and strongholds of regular forms were found during this research. Based on nine different models processed with LiDAR-based DEMs, several characteristics and relationships of various types of objects were demonstrated. Moreover, optimal models for searching for archaeological objects in forest areas were defined.
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