Salicylic acid plays a crucial role during plant defense to
. Some bacteria and a few fungi can produce salicylate hydroxylase to degrade SA to suppress plant defense and increase their virulence. ...But there has been no single salicylate hydroxylase in
identified until now. In this study, we found that
(
), among several predicted salicylate hydroxylases in
, was induced approximately 17.6-fold during infection, suggesting its potential role in virulence. SsShy1 could catalyze the conversion of SA to catechol when heterologous expression in
. Moreover, overexpression of
in
decreased the SA concentration and the resistance to
, confirming that SsShy1 is a salicylate hydroxylase. Deletion mutants of
(∆
) showed slower growth, less sclerotia production, more sensitivity to exogenous SA, and lower virulence to
. The complemented strain with a functional
gene recovered the wild-type phenotype. These results indicate that SsShy1 plays an important role in growth and sclerotia production of
, as well as the ability to metabolize SA affects the virulence of
.
Salicylic acid plays a crucial role during plant defense to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Some bacteria and a few fungi can produce salicylate hydroxylase to degrade SA to suppress plant defense and ...increase their virulence. But there has been no single salicylate hydroxylase in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum identified until now. In this study, we found that SS1G_02963 (SsShy1), among several predicted salicylate hydroxylases in S. sclerotiorum, was induced approximately 17.6-fold during infection, suggesting its potential role in virulence. SsShy1 could catalyze the conversion of SA to catechol when heterologous expression in E. coli. Moreover, overexpression of SsShy1 in Arabidopsis thaliana decreased the SA concentration and the resistance to S. sclerotiorum, confirming that SsShy1 is a salicylate hydroxylase. Deletion mutants of SsShy1 (∆Ssshy1) showed slower growth, less sclerotia production, more sensitivity to exogenous SA, and lower virulence to Brassica napus. The complemented strain with a functional SsShy1 gene recovered the wild-type phenotype. These results indicate that SsShy1 plays an important role in growth and sclerotia production of S. sclerotiorum, as well as the ability to metabolize SA affects the virulence of S. sclerotiorum.
In this study a new type of plug-in friction-stir lap welding (PFSLW) is proposed to prepare welded joints based on 4-mm-thick 6061-T6 aluminum alloy sheet. The differences in the cross-sectional ...morphology, microstructure, cross-sectional hardness and shear properties between the PFSLW joint and the normal friction-stir lap-welding (FSLW) joint are discussed. The results show that the cross-sectional morphology of the PFSLW joint has undergone changes. The PFSLW joint has a mechanical interlocking structure on the advancing side that is beneficial to the connection strength of the joint. The grain structure differs at the boundary between the thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ) and the heat-affected zone (HAZ), and the PFSLW joints show a more pronounced bending deformation of the grain organization near the boundary. The microhardness of PFSLW joints was increased in the TMAZ and HAZ areas, and the lowest hardness is further away from the center of the weld. The failure load of the PFSLW joint has been improved, the microcracks part of the PFSLW joint has a ridge-like structure. In addition, the actual welding width of PFSLW joints was improved.
In order to greatly overcome the disadvantages of low convergence rate, large mean square error and the local convergence of Wavelet Transform Constant Modulus blind equalization Algorithm(WTCMA), ...support vector machine wavelet transform constant modulus blind equalization algorithm based on improved genetic algorithm is proposed. This proposed algorithm can make full use of the global optimization ability of genetic algorithm to choose better parameters of Support Vector Machine(SVM) and uses SVM to initialize weight vector via a short initial data segment. When the weight vector of the equalizer is initialized by SVM, the proposed algorithm will carry out the WTCMA. The simulation result with underwater acoustic channel shows that the proposed algorithm outperforms the CMA and WTCMA in the convergent rate and mean square error.
Understanding soybean (Glycine max) domestication and improvement at a genetic level is important to inform future efforts to further improve a crop that provides the world's main source of oilseed. ...We detect 230 selective sweeps and 162 selected copy number variants by analysis of 302 resequenced wild, landrace and improved soybean accessions at >11× depth. A genome-wide association study using these new sequences reveals associations between 10 selected regions and 9 domestication or improvement traits, and identifies 13 previously uncharacterized loci for agronomic traits including oil content, plant height and pubescence form. Combined with previous quantitative trait loci (QTL) information, we find that, of the 230 selected regions, 96 correlate with reported oil QTLs and 21 contain fatty acid biosynthesis genes. Moreover, we observe that some traits and loci are associated with geographical regions, which shows that soybean populations are structured geographically. This study provides resources for genomics-enabled improvements in soybean breeding.
Soybean is one of the most important vegetable oil and protein feed crops. To capture the entire genomic diversity, it is needed to construct a complete high-quality pan-genome from diverse soybean ...accessions. In this study, we performed individual de novo genome assemblies for 26 representative soybeans that were selected from 2,898 deeply sequenced accessions. Using these assembled genomes together with three previously reported genomes, we constructed a graph-based genome and performed pan-genome analysis, which identified numerous genetic variations that cannot be detected by direct mapping of short sequence reads onto a single reference genome. The structural variations from the 2,898 accessions that were genotyped based on the graph-based genome and the RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data from the representative 26 accessions helped to link genetic variations to candidate genes that are responsible for important traits. This pan-genome resource will promote evolutionary and functional genomics studies in soybean.
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•de novo genome assemblies for 26 representative soybeans•Construction of a graph-based genome•Identification of large structural variations and gene fusion events•Link structural variations to gene expressions and agronomic traits
A high-quality graph-based soybean pan-genome is constructed through de novo genome assemblies of 26 representative wild and cultivated soybean accessions, demonstrating the impact of structural variation on key agronomic traits.
Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) is one of the most important oil and protein crops. Ever-increasing soybean consumption necessitates the improvement of varieties for more efficient production. ...However, both correlations among different traits and genetic interactions among genes that affect a single trait pose a challenge to soybean breeding.
To understand the genetic networks underlying phenotypic correlations, we collected 809 soybean accessions worldwide and phenotyped them for two years at three locations for 84 agronomic traits. Genome-wide association studies identified 245 significant genetic loci, among which 95 genetically interacted with other loci. We determined that 14 oil synthesis-related genes are responsible for fatty acid accumulation in soybean and function in line with an additive model. Network analyses demonstrated that 51 traits could be linked through the linkage disequilibrium of 115 associated loci and these links reflect phenotypic correlations. We revealed that 23 loci, including the known Dt1, E2, E1, Ln, Dt2, Fan, and Fap loci, as well as 16 undefined associated loci, have pleiotropic effects on different traits.
This study provides insights into the genetic correlation among complex traits and will facilitate future soybean functional studies and breeding through molecular design.
Glaesserella parasuis (G. parasuis) is commonly located in the upper respiratory tract of pigs as an opportunistic pathogen. It can cause Glässer's disease, which leads to serious economic losses in ...the swine industry. The occurrence of the disease is often linked with the adhesion and colonization of the pathogen. The PilA pilus subunit is important for adhesion to the host, twitching motility, and biofilm formation in many bacteria. However, no research has focused on the function of PilA in
. To further reveal the pathogenesis of
and to search for subunit vaccine candidates, we investigated whether PilA could adhere to cells and provide immune protection. A bioinformatic analysis showed that the protein secondary structure of the
PilA was similar to that of Haemophilus influenzae (HI). Cell adhesion, ELISA, and far-Western blotting showed that rPilA could bind porcine-derived, porcine kidney-15 (PK-15) cells, swine tracheal epithelial cells (STECs), and the extracellular matrix components fibronectin (FN) and laminin (LN). An immunogenicity analysis showed that recombinant PilA (rPilA) reacted specifically with convalescent and hyperimmune serum. Importantly, purified rPilA elicited a strong immune response and conferred robust protection against challenges with serovar 5
in mice. These results suggested that the PilA protein might help
adhere to host cells by binding to FN and LN, and its immunogenicity establishes it as a promising, novel subunit vaccine candidate against infections with
is one of the most prevalent bacterial infections in swine production and can lead to huge economic losses around the world. A full understanding of colonization and immunity with
infections will be essential in disease control. In this study, the PilA protein, which is a common virulence factor in other bacteria that mediates adherence to the host, was assessed. The results suggested that the PilA protein of
can mediate adhesion to host cells through FN and LN, which provides a new idea for the study of the pathogenicity of
. Furthermore, fimbriae usually have high immunogenicity. Immunogenicity and protective capacity results showed that the use of this recombinant PilA antigen might be a promising candidate vaccine antigen with which to prevent
infections.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disease with complicated interrelationships responsible for initiating its pathogenesis. Novel strategies for the treatment of this devastating ...disease have attracted increasing attention worldwide. Anthocyanins are bioactive compounds that are widely distributed in the plant kingdom, and multiple studies have elucidated their beneficial role in preventing and managing T2DM. This review summarizes and comments on the hypoglycemic actions of anthocyanins from the perspective of molecular mechanisms and different target-related signaling pathways in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trials. Anthocyanins can ameliorate T2DM by functioning as carbohydrate digestive enzyme inhibitors, facilitating glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) translocation, suppressing the effectiveness of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV), promoting glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion, inhibiting protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) overexpression, and interacting with sodium-glucose co-transporter (SGLT) to delay glucose absorption in various organs and tissues. In summary, anthocyanin is a promising and practical small molecule that can hyperglycemic symptoms and accompanying complications suffered by patients with diabetes. However, rational and potent doses for daily intake and clinical studies are required in the future.
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