In recent years, the rapid development of sensors and information technology has made it possible for machines to recognize and analyze human emotions. Emotion recognition is an important research ...direction in various fields. Human emotions have many manifestations. Therefore, emotion recognition can be realized by analyzing facial expressions, speech, behavior, or physiological signals. These signals are collected by different sensors. Correct recognition of human emotions can promote the development of affective computing. Most existing emotion recognition surveys only focus on a single sensor. Therefore, it is more important to compare different sensors or unimodality and multimodality. In this survey, we collect and review more than 200 papers on emotion recognition by literature research methods. We categorize these papers according to different innovations. These articles mainly focus on the methods and datasets used for emotion recognition with different sensors. This survey also provides application examples and developments in emotion recognition. Furthermore, this survey compares the advantages and disadvantages of different sensors for emotion recognition. The proposed survey can help researchers gain a better understanding of existing emotion recognition systems, thus facilitating the selection of suitable sensors, algorithms, and datasets.
The CRISPR-Cas9 system has been employed to generate mutant alleles in a range of different organisms. However, so far there have not been reports of use of this system for efficient correction of a ...genetic disease. Here we show that mice with a dominant mutation in Crygc gene that causes cataracts could be rescued by coinjection into zygotes of Cas9 mRNA and a single-guide RNA (sgRNA) targeting the mutant allele. Correction occurred via homology-directed repair (HDR) based on an exogenously supplied oligonucleotide or the endogenous WT allele, with only rare evidence of off-target modifications. The resulting mice were fertile and able to transmit the corrected allele to their progeny. Thus, our study provides proof of principle for use of the CRISPR-Cas9 system to correct genetic disease.
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•A dominant cataract-causing mutation in the Crygc gene is corrected using CRISPR-Cas9•Genetic correction via HDR uses information from the endogenous WT allele•Genetic correction can also occur using information from an exogenous oligo•The rescued mice can transmit the corrected allele to their progeny
The authors show genetic rescue of a dominant cataract-causing mutation in mice using an injection of CRISPR-Cas9 and a guide RNA into zygotes.
Aiming at the weak performance of chaotic light output in semiconductor laser systems, the study designed a power control algorithm for semiconductor laser drive systems based on linear ...self-disturbance rejection control. Then the optimization parameters and scope were determined, and multi-objective optimization and direction preference algorithms were introduced. A chaotic optical performance optimization model based on improved multi-objective genetic algorithm was constructed using adaptive functions as evaluation indicators. These results confirmed that the larger the bandwidth of the controller, the faster the response speed of the resonant converter, but the stability was poor. When the input voltage underwent a sudden change, the current ripple coefficient of the PID algorithm was 0.55%. The linear active disturbance rejection control algorithm could ensure that the voltage and current maintained at the set values, and the output current of the algorithm was more stable when the load underwent sudden changes. The directional preference algorithm could further provide more valuable solutions on the basis of adaptive genetic algorithms. When the peak value of the autocorrelation function was equal to 0.2, the delay characteristics of chaotic light were effectively suppressed, having strong signal bandwidth and complexity. In summary, the constructed model has good application effects in optimizing chaotic optical performance and has certain positive significance for communication security.
A novel CNT-TiO2 film was prepared by electrochemical deposition of TiO2 nanostructures on the CNT film. The ion transfer kinetics of three-dimensional rutile were dominated by ion adsorption.
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•A three-dimensional TiO2 structure on CNT film was successfully created.•This unique TiO2 nanostructure exhibits outstanding activity and stability.•Significantly, the optimized TiO2-CNT composite delivers high energy density, power density, and excellent cycle life.
Developing high capacity solid-state super capacitors and exploring their storage mechanism is one of the ongoing scientific topics. Here a novel TiO2-carbon nanotube (CNT) electrode is prepared by electrochemical deposition of TiO2 nanostructures on the CNT film. In situ Raman spectroscopy showed that the ion transfer kinetics of 3D rutile-based TiO2 were mainly controlled by ion adsorption. Symmetric solid-state supercapacitors compose of two TiO2-CNT electrodes and H2SO4-polyvinyl alcohol gel electrolyte. The devices show a high energy density of 82.5 Wh kg−1 and specific capacitance of 345.7F g−1 at 1.0 A g−1. Furthermore, the TiO2-CNT supercapacitor illustrates excellent cyclic stability with capacitor retention of 93.3% after 10,000 cycles, and a low leakage current of 9 μA after 2 h. This may due to the matching of the diffusion path topology of the rutile-doped less anatase structure. These results demonstrate that the TiO2-CNT supercapacitor may bring new opportunities to the power supply of portable electronics in the future.
Genomic imprinting in mammals was discovered over 30 years ago through elegant embryological and genetic experiments in mice. Imprinted genes show a monoallelic and parent of origin-specific ...expression pattern; the development of techniques that can distinguish between expression from maternal and paternal chromosomes in mice, combined with high-throughput strategies, has allowed for identification of many more imprinted genes, most of which are conserved in humans. Undoubtedly, technical progress has greatly promoted progress in the field of genomic imprinting. Here, we summarize the techniques used to discover imprinted genes, identify new imprinted genes, define imprinting regulation mechanisms, and study imprinting functions.
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) produced from back-spliced exons are widely expressed, but individual circRNA functions remain poorly understood owing to the lack of adequate methods for distinguishing ...circRNAs from cognate messenger RNAs with overlapping exons. Here, we report that CRISPR-RfxCas13d can effectively discriminate circRNAs from mRNAs by using guide RNAs targeting sequences spanning back-splicing junction (BSJ) sites featured in RNA circles. Using a lentiviral library that targets sequences across BSJ sites of highly expressed human circRNAs, we show that a group of circRNAs are important for cell growth mostly in a cell-type-specific manner and that a common oncogenic circRNA, circFAM120A, promotes cell proliferation by preventing the mRNA for family with sequence similarity 120A (FAM120A) from binding the translation inhibitor IGF2BP2. Further application of RfxCas13d-BSJ-gRNA screening has uncovered circMan1a2, which has regulatory potential in mouse embryo preimplantation development. Together, these results establish CRISPR-RfxCas13d as a useful tool for the discovery and functional study of circRNAs at both individual and large-scale levels.
Drugs that target the human serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT
R) are used to treat neuropsychiatric diseases; however, many have hallucinogenic effects, hampering their use. Here, we present structures of ...5-HT
R complexed with the psychedelic drugs psilocin (the active metabolite of psilocybin) and d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), as well as the endogenous neurotransmitter serotonin and the nonhallucinogenic psychedelic analog lisuride. Serotonin and psilocin display a second binding mode in addition to the canonical mode, which enabled the design of the psychedelic IHCH-7113 (a substructure of antipsychotic lumateperone) and several 5-HT
R β-arrestin-biased agonists that displayed antidepressant-like activity in mice but without hallucinogenic effects. The 5-HT
R complex structures presented herein and the resulting insights provide a solid foundation for the structure-based design of safe and effective nonhallucinogenic psychedelic analogs with therapeutic effects.
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) carrying gatekeepers that are stimuli-responsive are widely investigated for the controlled delivery of drug at target sites. In this study, thioketal (TK) ...functionalized methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) (mPEG-TK) as ROS-responsive gatekeeper is used to modify MSNs and leads to a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive delivery for antibacterial drug. Vancomycin (Van) was taken as the antibacterial drug and then physically encapsulated into the surface amino functionalized MSNs (N-MSNs). Subsequently, mPEG-TK was surface immobilized. Van loaded N-MSNs with surface modification of mPEG-TK (Van-mPEG-TK-MSNs) presented approximately 21% release of Van in a physiological environment in 36 h. With H2O2 increasing in the medium, the release rate of Van from Van-mPEG-TK-MSNs was significantly up-regulated following gatekeepers' disintegration. When Van-mPEG-TK-MSNs was applied in vivo, the infected site was fully cleared after 14 days and the tissue was free of infection. On the whole, the mentioned results suggested that Van-mPEG-TK-MSNs could act as a potential antimicrobial. This study can broaden MSNs' applications and advance the development of novel antibacterial agents.
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•Thioketal-gated mesoporous silica nanoparticles were successfully developed for vancomycin encapsulation and release.•The gated nanoparticle provided a sensitive release of vancomycin dependent on the reactive oxygen species.•Vancomycin released within 6 h from the gated nanoparticles was approximately 10 times less than from no-gate nanoparticles.•Within 14 days, the gated nanoparticles with vancomycin loading, effectively cleared infection in vivo.
Genetic studies have elucidated critical roles of Piwi proteins in germline development in animals, but whether Piwi is an actual disease gene in human infertility remains unknown. We report germline ...mutations in human Piwi (Hiwi) in patients with azoospermia that prevent its ubiquitination and degradation. By modeling such mutations in Piwi (Miwi) knockin mice, we demonstrate that the genetic defects are directly responsible for male infertility. Mechanistically, we show that MIWI binds the histone ubiquitin ligase RNF8 in a Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA)-independent manner, and MIWI stabilization sequesters RNF8 in the cytoplasm of late spermatids. The resulting aberrant sperm show histone retention, abnormal morphology, and severely compromised activity, which can be functionally rescued via blocking RNF8-MIWI interaction in spermatids with an RNF8-N peptide. Collectively, our findings identify Piwi as a factor in human infertility and reveal its role in regulating the histone-to-protamine exchange during spermiogenesis.
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•Hiwi ubiquitination-deficient D-box mutations are detected in azoospermia patients•D-box mutant knockin mice display spermatogenic failure at late spermiogenesis•Stabilized MIWI ties RNF8 up in the cytoplasm to prevent histone ubiquitination•Blocking MIWI-RNF8 interaction functionally rescues defective spermiogenesis
Male infertility in mice and humans can result from mutations that stabilize the Piwi protein in late spermatids: sperm defects are due to aberrant histone retention, not piRNA misregulation.
Spermiogenesis is a highly orchestrated developmental process during which chromatin condensation decouples transcription from translation. Spermiogenic mRNAs are transcribed earlier and stored in a ...translationally inert state until needed for translation; however, it remains largely unclear how such repressed mRNAs become activated during spermiogenesis. We previously reported that the MIWI/piRNA machinery is responsible for mRNA elimination during late spermiogenesis in preparation for spermatozoa production. Here we unexpectedly discover that the same machinery is also responsible for activating translation of a subset of spermiogenic mRNAs to coordinate with morphological transformation into spermatozoa. Such action requires specific base-pairing interactions of piRNAs with target mRNAs in their 3′ UTRs, which activates translation through coupling with cis-acting AU-rich elements to nucleate the formation of a MIWI/piRNA/eIF3f/HuR super-complex in a developmental stage-specific manner. These findings reveal a critical role of the piRNA system in translation activation, which we show is functionally required for spermatid development.
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•MIWI/piRNA activates mRNA translation via imperfect base-pairing interactions•HuR and eIF3f are required for MIWI/piRNA-mediated target mRNA activation•piRNA system controls the translation of a subset of mRNAs in mouse spermatids•piRNA system plays a central role in acrosome formation during spermiogenesis
The piRNA pathway, through functional interplay with HuR and eIF3f, plays an important role in translational activation of a specific set of mRNAs during mouse spermiogenesis.
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