Oxidative stress is a major contributor to the pathogenesis of various inflammatory diseases. Accumulating evidence has shown that oxidative stress is characterized by the overproduction of reactive ...oxygen species (ROS). Previous reviews have highlighted inflammatory signaling pathways, biomarkers, molecular targets, and pathogenetic functions mediated by oxidative stress in various diseases. The inflammatory signaling cascades are initiated through the recognition of host cell-derived damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and microorganism-derived pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). In this review, the effects of PRRs from the Toll-like (TLRs), the retinoic acid-induced gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) and the NOD-like (NLRs) families, and the activation of these signaling pathways in regulating the production of ROS and/or oxidative stress are summarized. Furthermore, important directions for future studies, especially for pathogen-induced signaling pathways through oxidative stress are also reviewed. The present review will highlight potential therapeutic strategies relevant to inflammatory diseases based on the correlations between ROS regulation and PRRs-mediated signaling pathways.
Three‐dimensional (3D) metal‐halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have demonstrated exceptional high efficiency. However, instability of the 3D perovskite is the main challenge for industrialization. ...Incorporation of some long organic cations into perovskite crystal to terminate the lattice, and function as moisture and oxygen passivation layer and ion migration blocking layer, is proven to be an effective method to enhance the perovskite stability. Unfortunately, this method typically sacrifices charge‐carrier extraction efficiency of the perovskites. Even in 2D–3D vertically aligned heterostructures, a spread of bandgaps in the 2D due to varying degrees of quantum confinement also results in charge‐carrier localization and carrier mobility reduction. A trade‐off between the power conversion efficiency and stability is made. Here, by introducing 2D C6H18N2O2PbI4 (EDBEPbI4) microcrystals into the precursor solution, the grain boundaries of the deposited 3D perovskite film are vertically passivated with phase pure 2D perovskite. The phases pure (inorganic layer number n = 1) 2D perovskite can minimize photogenerated charge‐carrier localization in the low‐dimensional perovskite. The dominant vertical alignment does not affect charge‐carrier extraction. Therefore, high‐efficiency (21.06%) and ultrastable (retain 90% of the initial efficiency after 3000 h in air) planar PSCs are demonstrated with these 2D–3D mixtures.
High‐efficiency (21.06%) and durable 2D–3D vertical aligned perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with phase pure 2D perovskite are demonstrated. The phase pure 2D perovskite minimizes photo‐generated charge‐carrier localization in the low‐dimensional perovskite; the dominant vertical alignment does not affect charge‐carrier extraction. The traditional constraint of trade‐off between efficiency and stability in PSC is overcome.
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•System boundaries, functional units and research methods are concerned.•The carbon footprint of EVs in the production phase should not be underestimated.•Grid and traffic conditions ...influence EV carbon footprint in their use phase.•Environmental benefits of recycling spent EV batteries depend on recycling method.•EVs have great carbon emission reduction potential and space for promotion.
Facing with upward pressure on carbon emissions from the transportation sector, governments actively promote the automation and electrification of the transportation industry, and intelligent electric vehicles (EVs) are ushering in their golden age. However, the debate over whether EVs are lower carbon than traditional internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) has never stopped. To objectively evaluate the role of EVs in mitigating climate change and carbon emissions, this study provides an extensive review of the literature on the life cycle carbon footprint of various EVs, and compares the carbon emissions of EVs and ICEVs. Considering that the carbon emissions of EVs vary significantly geographically due to differences in the power mix, ambient temperature, and driving conditions, this review further compares the carbon emission reduction effects of deploying EVs in different countries. The results show that the life cycle carbon footprint of EVs is lower than that of ICEVs, despite the higher carbon emissions from battery production. According to the power generation situation of each country, countries dominated by renewable energy power generation are more suitable for adopting EVs, while in countries with a predominantly coal-fired power generation, the popularization of EVs should be accompanied by a focus on decarbonization of the electricity sector and infrastructure improvements. Overall, improving the production technology of EVs and increasing the proportion of clean energy generation will be helpful to achieve the decarbonization goal in the transportation sector.
The obtained cluster 1 at% Au@In2O3 gas sensor exhibits highly sensitive and low detection of limit for CO detection.
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•Regulated cluster In2O3 nanostructures were fabricated by ...adjusting reactant amount.•Compared with large size In2O3 nanocubes and monodispersed cubic nanoparticles, cluster In2O3 nanostructures exhibits higher response to CO.•Introducing of Au nanoparticles into cluster In2O3 nanostructures further improve the sensing performance toward CO.•The CO concentration dependence of 1 at% Au@In2O3 cluster sensor implied that 0.5 ppb CO could be detected under 20% relative humidity.
Cubic indium oxide (In2O3) of different sizes, In2O3 nanocube clusters, and In2O3 nanocube clusters embedded Au nanoparticles were obtained using solvothermal method. Compared with the large size or monodispersed In2O3 nanocubes, In2O3 nanocube clusters shows a higher response to carbon monoxide (CO), due to increased surface area and pore structures. Moreover, In2O3 nanocube clusters with an Au nanoparticle core (Au@In2O3) leads to a further increase of response to CO. Our results also show that 1 at% Au@In2O3 system presents the best sensing properties with response of 42.1–100 ppm CO, response/recovery speed of 2/2 s and ultra-low limit detection. The CO concentration dependence of the sensor response implies that ∼0.5 ppb and ∼28 ppb could be detected with a response value of 1.4 under 20 % and 93 % relative humidity, respectively. This increase in sensing response is due to the fact that Au nanoparticles can enhance the receptor function of the semiconductor gas sensor. Remarkably, Au@In2O3 system unifies three key factors of a semiconductor gas sensor, i.e., high specific surface area, high porosity, and noble metal loading.
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are promising candidates for power sources to sustainably drive next-generation wearable electronics, following the advances in PSCs and future desires of harvesting and ...storing energy integration. However, the natural brittle property of crystals for elastic deformation restricts the mechanical robustness, which definitely results in degraded efficiency. In fact, the crystalline quality and “cask effect” impact large-area reproducibility of PSCs. Inspired by the highly crystalline and tough nacre, herein, we report biomimetic crystallization to grow high-quality perovskite films with an elastic “brick-and-mortar” structure. The antithetic solubility of the composite matrix facilitates perpendicular micro-parallel crystallization and affords stretchability to resolve the “cask effect” of flexible PSCs. We successfully fabricate PSC chips (1 cm 2 area) with average efficiencies of 19.59% and 15.01% on glass and stretchable substrates, respectively. Importantly, a recorded 56.02 cm 2 area wearable solar-power source with 7.91% certified conversion efficiency is achieved. This skin fitting power source shows bendability, stretchability and twistability and is practically assembled in wearable electronics.
A sensitive electrochemical sensor based on cobalt oxide decorated reduced graphene oxide and carbon nanotubes (Co3O4-rGO/CNTs) has been successfully fabricated towards nitrite detection. Cyclic ...voltammetry and potential amperometry experiments were conducted on Co3O4-rGO/CNTs electrochemical sensor to investigate the electrochemical sensing performances. Several important electrochemical sensor parameters have been evaluated for nitrite oxidation, such as pH, modified amounts and mass ratio of electrode modified materials. The measured results shows that the as-prepared gas sensor exhibits a high sensitivity of 0.408 μA·μM−1·cm−2 (0.1 μM to 8 mM), linearly proportional to nitrite concentrations in the range of 8 mM to 56 mM and a low detection limit of 0.016 μM. Meanwhile, the Co3O4-rGO/CNTs/GCE sensor also displays excellent anti-interference ability and good long-term stability. Furthermore, the proposed sensor was also applied to determine the nitrite level in real samples with satisfactory recovery, which implies its feasibility for practical application.
A highly sensitive nitrite electrochemical sensor was fabricated by using carbon nanotubes and reduced graphene oxide composite film (rGO/CNTs), which was functionalized with cobalt oxide nanostructures (Co3O4). Display omitted
•The influence of the mass percentages of Co3O4, CNTs and rGO were investigated.•The optimized sensor exhibited outstanding performance.•The as-synthesized sensor shows great application potential for nitrite detection.
•ZnO QDs@SnO2 HNSs hybrid hierarchical structures were fabricated by modifying ZnO quantum dots on the surface of SnO2 hollow nanospheres.•ZnO QDs@SnO2 HNSs hybrid hierarchical structures shows ...selective response to formaldehyde among four kinds of confusable indoor VOCs.•ZnO QDs@SnO2 HNSs hybrid hierarchical structures exhibited superior sensing performance to formaldehyde which could be attributed to the special structure and the heterojunctions between ZnO and SnO2.
The ZnO quantum dots modified SnO2 hollow nanospheres (ZnO QDs@SnO2 HNSs) hybrid hierarchical structures were fabricated by modifying ZnO QDs on the surface of SnO2 HNSs using precipitation and hydrothermal method. The gas sensors based on ZnO QDs, SnO2 HNSs and ZnO QDs@SnO2 HNSs present superior sensing properties to formaldehyde compared with three other typical indoor volatile organic compounds (VOCs, including formaldehyde, toluene, benzene and ammonia). In particular, the ZnO QDs@SnO2 HNSs based sensor exhibits high response (36.5–50 ppm), good linearity (1−1000 ppm), rapid response/recovery time (9 s/ 10 s), ultra-low limit of detection (LOD, 5 ppb) and excellent long-term stability. The ZnO QDs@SnO2 HNSs hybrid hierarchical structures not only ensure the porosity but also create lots of heterojunctions, which is benefit for improving the gas sensing properties of a gas sensor.
Although silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) possess broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, their intended use may adversely affect the ecosystem. In this study, alkali lignin (AL) was modified via ...quaternization to synthesize amphoteric lignin (AML), which was further used as a reducing and stabilizing agent for the synthesis of amphoteric lignin@nanosilver (AML@AgNPs) composites under microwave irradiation. The AML@AgNPs were characterized via X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy measurements. The results showed that the average particle size of AgNPs was 24.7 nm. The positively charged AML@AgNPs had excellent antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 30 ppm. The results of quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring and optical microscopy tests showed that the positively charged AML could effectively capture bacteria, which promoted the adhesion of the AML@AgNPs to bacteria. Furthermore, the AML@AgNPs had good compatibility with polyurethane, and when the AML@AgNPs content in the WPU–AML@AgNPs blend was 0.5 wt.% of the waterborne polyurethane (WPU), the prepared polyurethane film could completely inhibit bacteria growth.
Despite the remarkable progress made in perovskite solar cells, great concerns regarding potential Pb contamination risk and environmental vulnerability risks associated with perovskite solar cells ...pose a significant obstacle to their real-world commercialization. In this study, we took inspiration from the ensnaring prey behavior of spiders and chemical components in spider web to strategically implant a multifunctional mesoporous amino-grafted-carbon net into perovskite solar cells, creating a biomimetic cage traps that could effectively mitigate Pb leakage and shield the external invasion under extreme weather conditions. The synergistic Pb capturing mechanism in terms of chemical chelation and physical adsorption is in-depth explored. Additionally, the Pb contamination assessment of end-of-life perovskite solar cells in the real-world ecosystem, including Yellow River water and soil, is proposed. The sustainable closed-loop Pb management process is also successfully established involving four critical steps: Pb precipitation, Pb adsorption, Pb desorption, and Pb recycling. Our findings provide inspiring insights for promoting green and sustainable industrialization of perovskite solar cells.
In this work, a photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensor based on inorganic surface molecular imprinting Nb2O5 (MI-Nb2O5) for detection of bisphenol A (BPA) had been developed. In the PEC sensor, MI-Nb2O5 ...material was synthesized based on an in-situ surface molecular imprinting technique. The microstructure characteristics of the as-prepared photoactive materials were systematically investigated by XRD, SEM, TEM, XPS, FTIR and UV–vis spectroscopy. The PEC detection results showed that the MI-Nb2O5 material had higher photocurrent responses and excellent selectivity for contaminant BPA under UV-light irradiation owing to the abundant special recognition sites on the surface of MI-Nb2O5. Besides, the PEC sensor exhibited a wide detection range from 0.01 nmol·L−1 to 30 nmol·L−1 with a low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.004 nmol·L−1. The interferences test showed that the sensor had a good selectivity to BPA molecules in the different interference solutions. This method combining molecular imprinting technique with photoelectrochemical detection measurement made a successful attempt to detect BPA and supplied a promising way to detect other environment pollutions rapidly and selectively in the future.
•Used molecular imprinting technique to enhance the selectivity of PEC system.•Inorganic MIT overcame the disadvantages in traditional PEC detection filed.•In-site synthesis method simplified the complex pretreatment process greatly.•This method supplied a promising way to detect other pollutions in the future.
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